Homework: Stable And Unstable Angina.

Angina is a coronary artery disease that occurs when there is an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the myocardium (McCance & Huether, 2019). When supply is impaired and doesn’t meet demand, myocardial ischemia happens (McCance & Huether, 2019). There are two important concepts of accumulation of fatty streaks and endothelial dysfunction that explain the process of coronary artery disease (McCance & Huether, 2019). The coronary artery is made up of vascular smooth muscle and lined with vascular endothelium (McCance & Huether, 2019).

ORDER CUSTOM, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

With normal function, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) circulate throughout the arteries and deliver triacylglycerol fuel to tissues (McCance & Huether, 2019). However, when under abnormal circumstances, a certain percentage of LDLs are mutated by oxidative damage (McCance & Huether, 2019). Normally, macrophages ingest the oxidized LDL, and the body wants to get rid of waste. However, macrophages become engorged and become foam cells (McCance & Huether, 2019). The foam cells become very big and accumulate and lodge in the layer of the vascular smooth muscle (McCance & Huether, 2019). When the foam cells accumulate, it displays the fatty steaks in the artery (McCance & Huether, 2019). The foam cells and lipid deposits will burst through the endothelial lining of the artery and cause a break in the artery. Besides the accumulation of fatty streaks, the dysfunctional endothelial cells have been damaged for many years and are result in the development of atherosclerosis (McCance & Huether, 2019). They cannot produce nitric oxide and cause the reduction of vasodilatation (McCance & Huether, 2019). As a result, the blood blow through the artery becomes restricted, oxygen supply to the distal tissues is diminished, and causing angina and heart attack.

Angina is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart with a condition called myocardial ischemia and is a symptom of coronary artery disease (Mayo Clinic, 2020). Stable angina is not a heart attack and association with transient ischemia and no permanent damage and no infarction (American Heart Association, 2020). Patients usually feel uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing, and pain at the center of the chest (American Heart Association, 2020). Stable angina is caused by fixed obstruction with a high cholesterol level (Huff, Boyd, & Jialal, 2020). Stable angina can be predictable, and patients are familiar with pain patterns, prompted by physical exertion such as exercise, emotional stress, cold temperatures, and having heavy meals (American Heart Association, 2020). Stable angina is not happened at rest, subsides with rest, and responds well to medications (American Heart Association, 2020).

On the other hand, unstable angina is unpredictable, even at rest, with unexpected chest pain (American Heart Association, 2020). It changes pain patterns, more severe, lasts longer and doesn’t respond well to medications (American Heart Association, 2020). As the coronary arteries are narrowed by fatty buildups, they can rupture, causing blood clots and blockage the flow of the heart muscle (American Heart Association, 2020). When having plaque ruptured, patients could have a heart attack and should be treated as a medical emergency (American Heart Association, 2020).

Patients with angina is usually having ST-segment depression during attacks that display on the electrocardiograms (Ginghina, Ungureanu, Vladaia, Popescu, & Jurcut, (2009).). Providers can refer patients to have a stress test to perform during exercise (Mayo Clinic, 2020). Using an angiogram can also help detect obstruction and show the abnormal coronary (Mayo Clinic, 2020). The treatment of angina by relieving symptoms reduces the frequency of future anginas and reduces the risks of heart attacks. Patients can take nitroglycerin, long-lasting nitrates, antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin to relieve and prevent the symptoms (Mayo Clinic, 2020). They should also have lifestyle changes that include stop smoking, limit alcohol, keep a healthy weight, healthy diet, and regular exercise, but avoid exertion, avoid stress, and avoid large meals (Mayo Clinic, 2020). There are surgical procedures to restore normal blood flow, including a balloon or stent, coronary bypass, to wider the effective artery (Mayo Clinic, 2020).

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

Use of Direct Quotes

I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

LopesWrite Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours. Homework: Stable And Unstable Angina.

Homework: Stable And Unstable Angina.