Assignment: Breast cancer.

Breast cancer has been identified as the second cause of all cancer demises among women globally and regionally. According to a World Health Organization report, approximately 519000 women deaths are linked to breast cancer, and close to one million women develop breast cancer annually. Hence this classifies breast cancer as a primary public health concern globally. DeSantis et al. (2019) state that women need to be on the lookout as the incidence rate of breast cancer remains exponentially high and affects all age groups. This is the primary reason why breast cancer examination has gained increased popularity among the healthcare statistics. According to the National Breast Cancer Foundation, breast cancer awareness is essential as one out of every woman can develop breast cancer in their lifetime (Terry et al., 2019).

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Breast cancer examination has become a significant component in the physical examination in men and women but mostly women as they are the most affected. Every healthcare provider must carry out a breast examination to rule out the development of cancer. Breast self-examination practices are being encouraged globally hence contributing to the popularity of statistics in breast cancer examinations.

Research and scientific evidence have contributed significantly to the growing knowledge and improvements made in breast cancer treatments. Various medical advances, including surgical and medical treatments, have evolved and changed breast cancer management. In the past, cancer was known to have no cure, and the ancient people believed that treatment intervention might be more harmful. Treatments were only based on faith and miracles (Ades et al., 2017). Surgical approaches were feared due to significant loss of blood and lack of anesthesia in the past. In the 19th and 20th century advances were made in surgical treatments. The radical Halsted mastectomy, which was the primary treatment, was developed to remove the entire tumor with no damage caused to other lymphatic vessels or healthy tissues. A more breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) evolved over time and took the place of radical surgery. Improvements have continued to be made in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy. These medical advances aim to ensure optimal health outcomes and prevent morbidities. Pharmacotherapy has also been prescribed as a treatment modality for breast cancer, such as tamoxifen, Arimidex, and anatrozoleand (Ades et al., 2017). As it stands today, breast cancer treatment depends on the stage, individual\’s sensitivity to hormones, age, preferences, and overall health status. In the future, different approaches to breast cancer will be developed. Approaches that look into the clinical results and molecular tests of breast cancer should be developed to enhance effective treatment response.

Early diagnosis of breast cancer plays a vital role in the treatment process. There are various many diagnostic procedures that healthcare practitioners employ to detect breast cancer cells, such as mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, biopsy, and positron emission tomography. The future of breast cancer diagnosis targets to develop diagnostic tests suitable for all age groups and those that can rapidly detect breast cancer at early stages. According to Ades et al. (2017), the most current and effective form of treatment is surgery, including lumpectomy, radical mastectomy, and reconstruction.

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

Use of Direct Quotes

I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

LopesWrite Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours. Assignment: Breast cancer.

Assignment: Breast cancer.