Blood Pressure Report Discussion.

Physiology Lab Weekly Blood Pressure Analysis and Report Blood pressure is determined by the output of the heart and the resistance to flow in the vascular system. These, in turn, are affected by factors such as the levels of certain hormones (renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), physical activity, emotional or physical stress, salt intake, and smoking. Blood pressure usually reaches a high at 6 am and a low between 2 and 4 a.m. Small peaks and valleys occur every one to two hours throughout the day. For this reason, health care providers measure blood pressure at random times on multiple occasions before diagnosing hypertension, or elevated blood pressure.

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Nearly one in three American adults has high blood pressure, and of those who have high blood pressure one-third do not know that they have it. Uncontrolled hypertension increases the risk of stroke, mental impairment, heart disease and kidney disease. The following table shows the guidelines set forth by the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in 2003. Blood Pressure Category 140/90 or higher High 120–139/80–89 Pre-hypertension 119/79 or below Normal When hypertension is diagnosed, a clinician may prescribe lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, stress reduction). If these are ineffective, medication is recommended. Different categories of medication act on the heart, peripheral vascular system, central or peripheral nervous system, or hormonal system to lower the blood pressure. In this experiment, you will take multiple blood pressure readings over the course of this semester and analyze the variability in these readings.

Important: In order to participate in this project, you must have your own means of taking your own blood pressure, at least once per week. If you don’t have your own equipment, you can visit a CVS, Rite Aid, etc. in the pharmacy section and take your own blood pressure, if you feel comfortable doing so. You can modify this project by taking your pulse and/or heart rate instead of blood pressure. If you do, substitute heart rate/pulse rate for the words blood pressure in the directions below. OBJECTIVES In this project, you will • Obtain graphical representation of blood pressure. • Analyze the variability of blood pressure readings. • Correlate your findings with variables that may have influenced your blood pressure. • Present your findings in a written report. Modified from: Human Physiology with Vernier, Diana Gordon and Steven L. Gordon, Pearson Publishing Take your blood pressure in class each week. You may take it at different times of the day if you prefer. It is best if you vary the time you take it each week, but be sure to not the time of day. Use the table provided to record the Date, Time of Day, Systolic, Diastolic, pulse and MAP (mean arterial pressure, you can calculate this if you take your BP, or use the value recorded on your device if it does).

Then provide comments about what was going on that day that may influence your blood pressure: did you drink a lot of coffee? Run up a flight of stairs? Have a big test? Nothing much going on? At the end of the semester, you will compile all your data and look for trends in your blood pressure. Present your findings in a report using the following format (write your report in paragraph form—each of the following is a paragraph): Intro: Background info on BP: What is it? How is it an indicator for health? State your purpose for this experiment. Methods: Tell me how you collected your BP. Describe the equipment you used (do NOT copy the description from the lab). Your writing style should be past tense – tell me what you did – don’t simply provide a list of directions.

Results: What did you find? Provide the hard data – tables and graphs – you must also explain your table and graphs in writing. Do NOT provide an explanation for your results in this section. Figure out averages, report the range, etc. Discussion/conclusions: Explain your results. Make correlations between extreme data points and your experience at that time. Ex. High BP on days of physiology exam. Sympathetic response. Use physiology to explain your results. DATA Table 1–Weekly Blood Pressure Results Date Time of day (hour: minute) Systolic pressure (mm Hg) Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) MAP (mmHg) Comments Fontaine BP Report Expectations Spring 2020 GENERAL FORMAT: Your report will be written in a simulated APA style; this means your report will contain 1” margins and 12pt times new romans font. It will be double spaced with page numbers on the top right. Your report will be single-sided and stapled with a title page and a reference page with a specific format. You will NOT be including an abstract, which is usually part of an APA document. Proper Citations: Throughout the entire text, any factual statement needs to have an in text reference as to where that information was found. For example: Factor X causes blood pressure to rise (author, publication date). – OR – something like: “According to the Mayo Clinic (2017), blood pressure rises when… “ In most cases, I expect that you will read the material from the source and then re-write or paraphrase the material in your own words, making sure to reference where you found the information. **Changing a few words or re-ordering the words will often just make your phrase confusing (in which case you will lose points).** I will allow you to use a few short, direct quotes, when it seems appropriate. In this case, you MUST have the quoted material in quotes! Overall, I’m grading you on your ability to use your own words to explain the material. Blood Pressure Report Discussion.

Please do your best to do so. TITLE PAGE: A single page with the name of the report, the author name and the class & semester centered on the page in column format. BODY: Your report will have the following 5 sections. (see rubric for details required in each section) 1) Introduction: this is where you introduce your topic, give some basic facts and explain to your audience why this is an important subject. You will include a definition of blood pressure, define and explain what causes systole and diastole (don’t forget units). Define MAP and why it is important. Explain how MAP is calculated. Explain how blood pressure is an important indicator of health. State normal blood pressure ranges. Blood Pressure Report Discussion.

Define hypertension, and hypotension and explain the ranges for each. Lastly, you will need to state the purpose for the experiment. 2) Methods: this is where you explain to your audience the details of how you collected your data. You will want to include things like body position, equipment used and frequency of collection. The goal is to be precise enough that someone could copy exactly what you did without having to contact you. 3) Results: these are your cold hard facts, with accompanying graphs and tables. There is NO opinion in the results. Keep your statements factual and stick to only what you see in your data.

You will include a TYPED table of the data that you collected with all the proper data points accounted for. You will also need to provide one line graph that depicts your data graphically and accurately. Make sure you haved properly labeled your graph and you have a key. There are right and wrong ways to graph data. If you need help, please see me BEFORE your project is due. 4) Discussion: this is your interpretation of your results. Why did things look the way they did? What might have influenced the data? For this class you will also be discussing some common 1 of 2 Fontaine BP Report Expectations Spring 2020 things that can affect people’s blood pressures and giving me your opinion for the way they may have affected yours. Specifically, you will be looking at the following factors: dietary caffeine, nicotine salt, potassium and calcium (that you ingested). You will also be describing the effect of stress on blood pressure. You will need to mention particular hormones and how they are involved. Lastly, you will be describing the effects of exercise on blood pressure. Acute and Regular exercise have two different effects. You will look at both. For each factor listed, you will need to include what changes each factor causes in blood pressure AND the mechanism of how it causes that change. 5) Conclusion: A quick, short paragraph to wrap up your paper. REFERENCES: Your references will be listed on a separate piece of paper. They will be alphabetical, with the proper indentation for APA format (hanging indent). Blood Pressure Report Discussion.

The citations should follow this format: Author. (date of publication). Title (pages or chapter information found). Publication data/URL. Other Comments: It is important that your report have correct grammar and sentence structure. You need to have a logical and organized thought-flow. Your words need to be YOUR OWN, not copy pasted from a website. Quotes can be used, but sparingly. If you use too many quotes or quotes that are too large, I will remove points. Ideally, as few sources as possible will come from websites (you can’t trust all information on the web) and the rest will come from books or research articles. Grading: This report is worth 100pts. 2 of 2 Bio 141L, Fontaine Spring 2021 Blood Pressure Report Rubric Name of author: __________________________ Points earned: ______/40 1. Format (2 points) Title page correctly laid out 1” margins 12pt, times new roman, double spaced page numbers on top right single sided, stapled Section headers on their own line, centered above their section (headers are below) – Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References ____________ points earned 2. Introduction (8 points) Background information on BP – De nition of blood pressure – De ne and explain what causes systolic/diastolic pressure –

List the normal rage for BP (including units) – De ne MAP (What does this acronym stand for) and explain how it is calculated – Explain why MAP is important – Explain how blood pressure is an indicator for health – State the range for hypertension/hypotension and explain the risks State the purpose of this project/experiment General – correct usage of citations – correct usage of quotations – correct grammar and sentence structures – organized thought ow – Facts/statements in their correct sections ____________ points earned 3. Methods: (6 points) Describe how blood pressure was collected – Describe the equipment you used using proper terms – Describe how you got your readings – Describe proper body position for collecting BP. – Indicate how often blood pressure was collected – Describe how the comments were collected General – correct grammar and sentence structures. – organized thought ow. Facts/statements in their correct sections. ____________ points earned fl fl fi fi fi Page 1 of 3 Bio 141L, Fontaine Blood Pressure Report Rubric Spring 2021 4. Results (just list facts, no interpretation) (6 points) Table with at least 12 data points (typed) – proper title – proper format Line graph generated by a computer (all 3 BPs vs time) – proper format (and range) – proper title, axes and units – key Written description of results. – which pressure are highest on average, which is lowest – on average, are your blood pressures normal/hypertensive/hypotensive. – mention some of the more interesting days (highest or lowest) General – correct grammar and sentence structures. – organized thought ow. Facts/statements in their correct sections. ____________ points earned 5. Discussion (your interpretation of why things worked out they way they did) (10 points) Explain two factors that had an effect on your results and each factor has and discuss the mechanism by which it has that effect. For example: “xxx lowers blood pressure because it causes systemic vasodilation”. Blood Pressure Report Discussion.

Potential factors include: Caffeine, Nicotine, Salt, Potassium, Dietary calcium, Stress (include speci c hormones), Acute exercise, Long term exercise. General – correct usage of citations – correct usage of quotations – correct grammar and sentence structures. – organized thought ow. Facts/statements in their correct sections. ____________ points earned 6. Conclusion (A few sentences summarizing the whole paper and key results) (4 points) Summary of the experiment and key results General – correct grammar and sentence structures. – organized thought ow. Facts/statements in their correct sections. ____________ points earned 7. References (on a separate page) (4 points) Proper in text citations through out the report (MLA format) Separate Section for references (MLA format) ____________ points earned fi fl fl fl Page 2 of 3 Bio 141L, Fontaine Spring 2021 Blood Pressure Report Rubric 8. Grading table Section Points possible Points earned 1 – Format 2 2 – Introduction 8 3 – Methods 6 4 – Results 6 5 – Discussion 10 6 – Conclusion 4 7 – References 4 Totals 40 0 9. Comments: Page 3 of 3