Mitosis and DNA Lab Report Essay.
Mitosis and DNA Lab Report Essay.
BioLab3 DNA Lab Report Name, date, course and section required for password: The lab report is unique each semester and checks have been put into place to ensure students are doing their own work. Copying from other students or from outside resources will result in a zero on the accompanying lab quiz. I. DNA Structure 1. In 1953 the research of James Watson and Francis Crick built a 3-D model of: 2. DNA can be compared to a twisted ladder made of repeating units of: 3. Which are composed of three molecules 4. Compare nucleotides below Nucleotide Pyrimidine Purine Ring Structure Examples 5. What is the base pairing rule? II. DNA Replication 1.
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How many times does DNA replication occur in the cell cycle and what are the results? 2. In Ex 2, DNA has unzipped with the original strands on the left and right. Input the complementary bases that correctly pair with the original strand. Original strand G A C T New base New base Original strand C T G A a. Are the two DNA double strands identical? b. What is this type of replication called? © 2022 Access Learning Systems SP22 1 III. RNA Structure 1. Record the differences between DNA and RNA in the table below. DNA RNA Sugars Bases Strands 2. In Ex 3, record the bases of the RNA strand produced from the replicated DNA strand. DNA strand C A G T RNA strand 3. The above process is called: IV. RNA Synthesis 1. How is replication different from transcription? 2. In Ex 4, write the letters for the base sequence of mRNA in the spaces below DNA. Note that the order is reversed; start with the 3’ end of the DNA strand and the 5’ end of the mRNA strand. Transcription is DNA to mRNA. Remember, RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine. DNA 3’ mRNA 5’ V. G G T A G C C T A A C T 5’ 3’ Protein Synthesis 1. When mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm it attachs to another RNA called rRNA, a protein assembly site referred to as the: 2. What type of RNA called transfers a specific amino acid from the cytoplasm to the mRNA template and what does it assemble? 3. Copy the mRNA bases from above, and fill in the tRNA anticodon bases mRNA codon tRNA anticodon 5’ C C A G G U © 2022 Access Learning Systems 3’ SP22 2 4. Using the mRNA bases from the previous table write in the codon and look up which amino acid it codes for from the printable codon chart. The first one has been completed for you. VI. mRNA codon CCA Amino acid Proline Genes 1. Describe the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis. 2. A gene mutation in the HbA molecule and its possible effects. 3. What is the probability of two parents, each of which carries the gene for sickle cell, having a child with the disease? VII. Gene Cloning 1. How is human insulin obtained using bacteria? 2. Print the document from Ex 6. Complete the activity along with the video demonstration. Explain the process of the model you made. Date, Sign and take an image of your model. Include this image with your lab report. © 2022 Access Learning Systems SP22 3 Summary Questions 1. Compare these processes: Replication Transcription Translation Cell location Molecules What happens in this process? Why is this important for cell survival? 2. Compare the three types of RNA in the table: mRNA tRNA rRNA Structure Function 3.
The base sequence on one DNA strand is shown. What will be the sequence on the complementary strand of the helix that attaches during REPLICATION? DNA DNA © 2022 Access Learning Systems 3’ 5’ A SP22 C T C A T T A G 5’ 3’ 4 Lab 8 – DNA Structure and Function Print this document for use with sections 5-7. V. Protein Synthesis DNA Triplet (3-5) mRNA Codon (5-3) Amino Acid Specified ATT ATC ACT UAA UAG UGA Chain Terminating CGA CGG CGT CGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GCA GCG GCT GCC TCT TCC CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG TTA TTG AAU AAC Asparagine CTA CTG GAU GAC Aspartic Acid ACA ACG UGU UGC Cysteine GTT GTC CAA CAG Glutamine CTT CTC GAA GAG Glutamic Acid CCA CCG CCT CCC GGU GGC GGA GGG Glycine GTA GTG CAU CAC Histidine TAA TAG TAT AUU AUC AUA Isoleucine Alanine Arginine DNA Triplet (3-5) mRNA Codon (5-3) AAT AAC GAA GAG GAT GAC UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG TTT TTC AAA AAG Lysine Leucine TAC AUG Methionine AAA AAG UUU UUC Phenylalanine CGA GGG GGT GGC AGA ACG AGT AGC TCA TCG CCU CCC CCA CCG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC TGA TGG TGT TGC ACU ACC ACA ACG Threonine ACC UGG Tryptophan ATA ATG UAU UAC Tyrosine CAA CAG CAT CAC GUU GUC GUA GUG Valine Codon and specified amino acid 1 Amino Acid Specified Proline Serine VI. Genes Hemoglobin A DNA PROTEIN Hemoglobin S DNA PROTEIN A-T C-G T-A THREONINE A-T C-G T-A THREONINE C-G C-G T-A PROLINE C-G C-G T-A PROLINE G-C A-T GLUTAMIC ACID A-T G-C T-A VALINE A-T , G-C A-T GLUTAMIC ACID A-T A-T A-T A-T G-C A-T GLUTAMIC ACID A-T LYSINE A-T A-T A-T DNA base sequence for HbA and HbS 2 LYSINE VII. Gene Cloning Bacterial model 3 BioLab3 Mitosis Lab Report Name, date, course and section required for password:
The lab report is unique each semester and checks have been put into place to ensure students are doing their own work. Copying from other students or from outside resources will result in a zero on the accompanying lab quiz. I. Mitosis in Eukaryotes 1. Describe how cells divide in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 2. What are somatic cells? 3. What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis? II. Cell Cycle 1. Based on Lab, Exercise 1, draw and label the phases of interphase and mitosis including the major events of each stage as shown. Sign, date and prepare an image of your drawing and include it with this lab report. 2. What percent of the cell life cycle is spent in mitosis? 3.
During which stage does DNA replication occur? III. Chromosome Replication 1. How does the genetic material of sister chromatids compare? 2. Describe homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, and replicated chromosomes. 3. Based on Lab, Exercise 3, draw a replicated, homologous pair of chromosomes. Label the sister chromatids and centromeres. Sign, date and prepare an image of your drawing and include it with this lab report. © 2016 Access Learning Systems SP22 1 IV. Mitosis and Cytokinesis 1. During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center? 2. What happens during telophase? 3. Label the stage of mitosis pictured and indicate the proper order in which it occurs in the cell cycle by numbering the stages 1-5. Stage of Mitosis Order 1. Refer to Exercise 3 in the lab. Print the “stages of mitosis and cytokinesis” diagram from the end of the document found on an earlier slide. As you go through the demonstration, draw what the beads look like at the end of each stage.
Sign and date, then prepare an image of your diagram and include it with this lab report. 2. Describe two differences between plant and animal mitosis. Summary Questions 1. How does cell division differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? © 2016 Access Learning Systems SP22 2 2. If the chromosome number of a gorilla is 48 before mitosis, what is the chromosome number in each nucleus after nuclear division has taken place? 3. What happens during the G2 phase of the cell cycle? 4. Which part of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of its time? 5. List the stages of mitosis in order. 6. Distinguish between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes. 7.
What would a cell look like if cytokinesis did not occur? 8. Describe cytokinesis in plant cells. © 2016 Access Learning Systems SP22 3 Mitosis Section IV. Mitosis and Cytokinesis Interphase 1.The cell first enters the G1 stage in which cytoplasmic growth, organelle development, and normal metabolism occurs. 2. In S replication of chromosomes occurs. 3. In G2 the spindle apparatus develops and the replicated chromosomes condense. Prophase Mitosis 1. DNA condenses to form visible chromosomes. 2. Duplicated chromosomes are composed of two sister chromatids attached by the centromere. 3. Spindle apparatus completes formation and centrioles move to opposite poles. 4. Nucleolus disappears. 5. Cytoskeleton and nuclear membrane disappear. 6. Spindle apparatus attaches to the replicated chromosomes at the centromere region during a transition phase. Metaphase 1. The centromere regions of the replicated chromosomes align at the spindle equator. Anaphase 1. Centromeres split and the chromatids separate. 2. Spindle fibers pull separated chromosomes to opposite spindle poles with the arms of the chromosomes trailing passively behind. 3. Cytokinesis begins. Telophase 1. Chromosomes gather at the poles. 2.
The nuclear membrane begins to reform. 3. The chromosomes begin to unwind and disappear. 4. Cytokinesis is completed. Stages of mitosis and interphase in animal cells 1 Exercise 3 Construction of homologous chromosomes and modeling of mitosis stages 1. A chromosome is constructed using two segments of pop beads of the same color and a magnet. One segment consists of 5 beads and the other segment consists of 7 beads on either side of the Mitosis and DNA Lab Report Essay.
The other part of the replicated chromosome has been assembled. The two strands of pop beads are identical representing the two sister chromatids. 3. A piece of tape with the letter “F” is placed on the top beads of the set and a letter “B” on the bottom beads. These identical strands are joined. The magnets represent the centromere of the replicated chromosome. 4. Pop beads of a different color are used to construct a homologue to the other replicated chromosome. The letter “f” is placed on the top beads and the letter “b” is placed on the bottom beads. The two sister chromatids are joined with the magnets. 5. Two replicated chromosomes that are homologous to each other have been constructed. They have two gene positions along their length labeled “F”, “B”, or “f”, “b”. 6. Mitosis and DNA Lab Report Essay.
Draw the pop beads as shown below to illustrate interphase on the figure called “Stages of mitosis and cytokinesis” (this will improve retention and provide a great study guide). Model of a homologous pair 2 Exercise 3 (cont) Modeling of mitotic stages with pop beads Mitosis begins with a nucleus that is diploid (2n). The chromosomes are in their replicated state. 7. A chalk circle is drawn around the homologous set of beads on the lab table. This represents the nuclear envelope. A second circle around the chalk nucleus represents the cell membrane. 8. Prophase The sister chromatids are still attached by their centromeres. The nuclear envelope disassociates and the chromosomes condense. Mitosis and DNA Lab Report Essay.
This step is represented by erasing the inner chalk circle around the beads. Microtubules of the spindle apparatus attach to the centromeres. String is attached to the magnet of each chromatid. Strings are attached to each chromatid extending to the opposite poles. Draw the pop beads during prophase on the figure below. 9. Metaphase The replicated chromosomes align along the equator, the centromeres lying on the equator. Spindle fiber microtubules attach the centromeres of each chromatid to opposite spindle poles. The pop beads are aligned along the middle of the chalk circle. The chalk circle represents the cell membrane. Draw the pop beads during metaphase on the figure below. 10. Anaphase The sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles. After the sister chromatids separate, each is an individual (not replicated) chromosome.
Cytokinesis begins during anaphase. The two lengths of pop beads are separated at the magnet and pulled toward opposite polls with the string/spindle fibers. The chalk circle is redrawn so that it dips inward in the center to illustrate cytokinesis. Draw the pop beads illustrating anaphase on the figure below. 11. Telophase The two chromosomes are at opposite poles. The nuclear envelope reforms around each set and cytokinesis is completed forming two cells. Two daughter nuclei now exist. Each nucleus contains one individual chromosome of each of the homologous pairs originally present within the parental nucleus. Telophase is illustrated with the pop beads. A chalk circle is drawn around the beads illustrating a nuclear membrane. A larger circle is drawn around each nucleus to illustrate the new cells formed by cytokinesis. Draw the pop beads il. Mitosis and DNA Lab Report Essay.
Mitosis and DNA Lab Report Essay.