Breast Cancer In Hispanic Populations Assignment
Breast Cancer In Hispanic Populations Assignment
this is a proposal(a literature review of 15 articles) Must follow the templed attached and the 15 articles selected(the topic is Breast Cancer in Hispanic Populations)the objective and research question are already in the template
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Abstract: Lack o f adequate participation by African American and Hispanic zoomen in breast can cer genetic research studies sustains a knowledge gap in our understanding o f new and innovative scientific advances and outcomes in breast cancer research/genomics. The purpose o f this study is to suggest strategies to increase African American and Hispanic women’s participation in breast cancer genetic research. A review o f literature reveals that historical, com m unity involvement, cultural, discrimination/stigmatizations concerns, and economic factors may impact participation in breast cancer genetic research investigations. Future research investigations should involve members o f the minority com munity as recruiters, acknowledge anticipated historical concerns up-front, address anticipated concerns o f discrimination/stigmatizations, and recognize and respect a person’s culture and try to work within it when attempting to recruit minority women for breast cancer genetic research.
Key Words: African-American Women, Hispanic Women, Breast Cancer Genetic Research, Participation, Strategies
W omen a n d B reast C ancer R esearch Introduction
Significant differences exist in breast cancer (BC) incidence a n d m o rta lity rate s b e tw e en A frican American, Hispanic, and Caucasian w om en (CW). W hile the incidence of BC for African Am erican wom en (AAW) is not higher com pared to CW, the incidence rate for AAW is higher than H ispanic w om en (HW) from the m ost recent data available (2016), 132.7 per 100,000 com pared to 128.2 per 100,000 (H ow lader et al., 2019). Notably, while BC m ortality for CW had a substantial decline from 1975-2016 (decreasing from 31.8 per 100,000 to 19.6 per 100, 000), AAW’s BC m ortality rates changed little during this same period (29.5 per 100,000 compared to 27.3 per 100,000) (H ow lader et al., 2019). For HW, BC m ortality declined significantly from 2000-2016, decreas ing from 16.8 p e r 100,000 to 13.9 p e r 100,000 (H ow lader et al., 2019). Breast Cancer In Hispanic Populations Assignment
Breast cancer genetic research can offer potential health benefits to m any w om en. More targeted and in dividualized treatm ent approaches m ay be obtained as a result of new and innovative scientific advances in BC research/genom ics (Lee & Naiem, 2012). Furtherm ore, some BC racial disparities (e.g., m ortality rates), m ay be further reduced as a result of current genetic research.
Karen R eifenstein, PhD, RN, corresponding author, University o f Rochester, School o f Nursing. The author may be reached at: karen_reifenstein@urmc.rochester.edu. Matt Asare, PhD, MPH, MBA, CHES, Department of Public Health, Robbins College o f Health and Human Sci ences, Baylor University, matt_asare@baylor.edu. Sandra M illon-Underwood, PhD, RN, FAAN, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College o f N ursing, underwoo@ uwm.edu.
However, in order to take advantage of potential m edi cal/genetic benefits, individuals from under-represented groups m ust participate in BC genetic research. Some investigators report that there is a contentious a nd com plicated association betw een the concepts of ethnicity and race and genomics (Lee & Naeim, 2012). The form ation of large biological sample collections that have been used to study the role of genetics in various diseases has in creased debates regarding the potential im pact of genetic research on vulnerable ethnic and racial groups. One aspect of these debates includes individuals w ho have expressed concerns related to the discriminatory potential of genetic research/ genetic testing. Another aspect relates to individuals w ho are concerned that benefits of genetic research will not be distributed equitably if vulnerable groups do not participate in biobanks because of w or ries about possible discrim ination (Goldenberg, Hull, Wilford, & Sharp, 2011; Lee & Naeim, 2012). Concerns of discrim ination was also found by other investigators w ho w anted to assess AAW’s perceptions and aw are ness of counseling and testing for BRCA 1 /2 (Adams, Chrisotopher, Williams, & Sheppard, 2015). Suther and Kiros (2009) pointed out that concerns regarding possible stigm atization, discrim ination, and privacy breaches, m ay cause individuals to avoid participation in research and genetic related services. Breast Cancer In Hispanic Populations Assignment
Clinical trials (CT) offer potential significant benefits to a variety of patients including m inority w om en diag nosed w ith BC. Reifenstein and Asare (2018) previously reported that both w om en and m inorities have been u n derrepresented in CTs, and this underrepresentation has perpetuated health disparities in racial / ethnic minorities and continues to w iden the chasm betw een racial/ethnic m inorities and the majority population. C om padre et al. (2018) also noted that AAW are underrepresented in cancer genetic research.
