Health Comparison for Social Change Paper

Global Health Comparison Grid Template Global Health Comparison Grid Template Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix Introduction Currently, the world health organization (WHO) released various threats to global health. Therefore, I selected HIV& AIDS among the published challenges for this assignment. Besides, I will compare the features of this global health issue between the United States and Nigeria. I will also make a reflection of how this global health is approached in these two countries as displayed in the matrix below; Global Healthcare Issue HIV & AIDS Description HIV & AIDS has been deduced to be the topmost global health issue. However, there are various strategies which are applied by different countries across the world in managing this challenge. For instance, United States apply different techniques as compared to Nigeria in curbing the spread of this epidemic. Therefore, this matrix will mainly focus on analyzing the approach used by both the United States and Nigeria in managing HIV & AIDS. Country United States Nigeria © 2018 Laureate Education Inc. 1 Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue What are the strengths of this policy? What are the weaknesses of this policy? Explain how the social determinants United States acquired a policy which is related to HIV and Aids back in 2001. This was through the United States general assembly special session. This policy is mainly responsible in committing the government to boost their responses to the domestic AIDS epidemics as well as setting up of various finance and programs which could help in controlling this challenge (Kilmarx & Simbi, 2016). HIV and Aids policy in the United States entails the open society public health among others. The key strengths of this policy are that it stipulates the national government of the United States to conduct periodic reviews to assess the progress of the programs which are managing this health issue in the country (Kilmarx & Simbi, 2016). Nigeria acquired its policy which is related to HIV and Aids back in late 2007. The policy mainly entailed facilitating the use of condoms, being faithful as well as abstaining from sex (Kharsany & Karim, 2016). However, despite this policy being promoted by the national government of Nigeria, it has not been effective as compared to the policy which is used in the United States. There has been an increase in the number of HIV and AIDS affection. Example of these policies includes; NPP among others. This policy introduced the combination of both the approach of prevention which is locally known as minimum prevention package intervention in Nigeria which has a responsibility standardizing the HIV and AIDS prevention in Nigeria (Cooper, Kirton, Lisk, & Besada, 2016). Despite the existence of several strengths of this Just like the weaknesses of HIV and AIDS policy in policy, it also has some weaknesses which include; it the United States, the policy in Nigeria has also failed does not include quantitative estimation of the size of to estimate the quantitative size of the population who the population and unmet some of the services in the are living this challenge, and they have also failed to country among others (Jay et al, 2016). indicate the required resources correctly to manage this challenge (Okeke, 2016). In the United States, the Social determinant of health will involve the social interaction of various features © 2018 Laureate Education Inc. Just like in the United States, the social determinants of health in Nigeria is likely to impact HIV and AIDs 2 of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples) which are likely to cause HIV and AIDS which includes; the federal status of poverty, the level of education as well as the employment status (Kilmarx & Simbi, 2016).

Health Comparison for Social Change PaperThese features will be very significant in terms of recognizing and determining the health status of individuals. How has each country’ government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? The government of the United States has played a significant role in dealing with HIV and AIDS. Its cost has significantly been reduced, quality of the treatment has been boosted, and access to various health care is more uncomplicated (Kilmarx & Simbi, 2016). The Government has built various personal health cares to deal with individuals who are living with HIV and AIDS. How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples) This policy has impacted the lives of the global population positively. This policy in the United States has engaged the open free society heath watch which has also helped in monitoring and doing other projects in other countries like Ukraine Vietnam among others (Kilmarx & Simbi, 2016). Besides, the policy has aided various global health education programs which are aimed at the prevention of HIV and AIDS. This policy has influenced the role of nurses positively in the United States. Nurses have been Describe the potential impact of © 2018 Laureate Education Inc. positively. This is because it will mainly involve interaction with various features that could results to HIV and AIDS in the country and coming up with appropriate prevention measures; some of these features may include; the House income of individuals and poverty status in the nation among others (Okeke, 2016). Health Comparison for Social Change Paper

The government of Nigeria has also made enough effort in dealing with HIV and AIDS (Cooper et al., 2016). However, the country has lacked enough resources to complete all its set objectives. The cost has been reduced, but quality and access are not up to their expectations. Besides, the government of Nigeria has lacked enough resources in building enough health care meant for managing this health challenge. The health policy in Nigeria which is also known as NPP has also played a very significant role in impacting the health in the global population. The program has sought various partnerships with other countries like the United Kingdom and Kenya in sharing some of the best techniques of managing HIV and AIDS epidemics (Bello et al, 2019). Similarly, the policy of NPP has also influenced the roles of nurses in Nigeria. Nurses in Nigeria have also 3 the identified health policy on the role of the nurse in each country. Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples) General Notes/Comments assigned new tasks to deal with this health challenge in the United States (Kilbourne et al, 2018). They have trained professionals to fit in their new positions. The global health issues affect local health organizations as well as strategies in the United States (Kilmarx & Simbi, 2016). These health issues keep the systems and the local healthcare organizations on toes for integration. Therefore, policies and organizations regularly make changes to adjust to the demands of health issues. acquired new skills that help in dealing with individuals with this health challenge (Bello et al, 2019). This skills have the state of medical care in Nigeria. Similarly, in Nigeria organizations and policies are also responsible for analyzing the new demands for health care challenges and making necessary adjustments (Bello et al, 2019). Health Comparison for Social Change Paper

The United States has tried its best in dealing with this health care challenge. They have adopted a policy which has played a very crucial role in preventing HIV and Aids epidemic. Just like in the United States, Nigeria has also made an effort in curbing the spread of HIV and AIDS through the NPP policy. However, the country does not have enough resources as compared to the United States. © 2018 Laureate Education Inc. 4 Part 2: A Plan for Social Change There are various ways in which I can incorporate the global perspective in my role as a nurse leader. With the increase in the globalization, there are multiple trends which exists in the modern world which are forcing our communities to become closer and more diverse (Kilbourne et al, 2018). Therefore, I would first take the initiative of understanding and responding to the changing world. Ideally, the transformation of nursing needs very active participation alongside robust leadership participation in research, education as well as other policy arenas. This is what I am likely to commit to incorporate my role as a nurse leader. My active in the incorporation of the global perspectives is likely my local practice and my role as a nurse leader. This is because the establishment of the comprehensive view will involve interaction with various people along with new ideas (Cooper et al., 2016). Therefore, I am likely to acquired new skills and knowledge which will enable me to boost my leadership skills as well as allowing me to improve my local practices. Besides, global perspectives typically entail the public understanding of health and development. Therefore, I will acquire new decision processes that are likely to shape local health care. More so, the incorporation of global perspectives in my local practices might represent and contributes to social changes significantly. I will introduce new social ways to handling individuals with different health challenges in the community; the society is likely to benefit from other developed countries in terms borrowing new medical assistance, financial support as well as further education programs that would help the local community hugely (Kilbourne et al, 2018). Health Comparison for Social Change Paper

© 2018 Laureate Education Inc. 5 References Bello, T. K., Gericke, G. J., & MacIntyre, U. E. (2019). Development, Implementation, and Process Evaluation of a Theory-Based Nutrition Education Programme for Adults Living With HIV in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Frontiers in Public Health, 7. Cooper, A. F., Kirton, J. J., Lisk, F., & Besada, H. (2016). Africa’s health challenges: sovereignty, mobility of people and healthcare governance. London: Routledge. Jay, J., Buse, K., Hart, M., Wilson, D., Marten, R., Kellerman, S., & Dybul, M. (2016). Building from the HIV response toward universal health coverage. Plos Medicine, 13(8), e1002083. Kharsany, A. B., & Karim, Q. A. (2016). HIV infection and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: current status, challenges, and opportunities. The open AIDS journal, (6)10, 34. Kilbourne, A. M., Beck, K., Spaeth‐Rublee, B., Ramanuj, P., O’Brien, R. W., Tomoyasu, N., & Pincus, H. A. (2018). Measuring and improving the quality of mental health care: a global perspective. World Psychiatry, 17(1), 30-38. Kilmarx, P. H., & Simbi, R. (2016). Progress and challenges in scaling up laboratory monitoring of HIV treatment. Plos Medicine, 13(8), e1002089. Okeke, B. O. (2016). Social support seeking and self-efficacy-building strategies in enhancing the emotional well-being of informal HIV/AIDS caregivers in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 13(1), 35-40. © 2018 Laureate Education Inc. 6 Global Health Comparison Grid Template Global Health Comparison Grid Template Use this document to complete the Module 6 Assessment Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement Global Healthcare Issue Description Country United States Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue © 2018 Laureate Education Inc. 1 What are the strengths of this policy? What are the weaknesses of this policy? Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue.

(Be specific and provide examples) © 2018 Laureate Education Inc. 2 How has each country’ government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples) Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurse in each country. © 2018 Laureate Education Inc. 3 Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples) General Notes/Comments © 2018 Laureate Education Inc. 4 Expanding nursing’s role in responding to global pandemics 5/14/2018 Inge B. Corless, PhD, RN, FNAP, FAANa,*, Deena Nardi, PhD, PMHCNS-BC, FAANa, Jeri A. Milstead, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, FAANa, Elaine Larson, PhD, RN, FAAN, CICb, Kathleen M. Nokes, PhD, RN, APHN-BC, FAANa, Susan Orsega, MSN, FNP-BC, FAANP, FAANa, Ann E. Kurth, PhD, RN, CNM, MPH, FAANa, Kenn M. Kirksey, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, FAANa, Wendy Woith, PhD, RN, FAANa,b a b Global Nursing & Health Expert Panel Emerging Infectious Diseases Expert Panel Executive Summary We know by now that the world will see another pandemic in the not-too-distant future; that random mutations occur often enough in microbes that help them survive and adapt; that new pathogens will inevitably find a way to break through our defenses; and that there is the increased potential for intentional or accidental release of a synthesized agent. Every expert commentary and every analysis in recent years tells us that the costs of inaction are immense. And yet, as the havoc caused by the last outbreak turns into a fading memory, we become complacent and relegate the case for investing in preparedness on a back burner, only to bring it to the forefront when the next outbreak occurs. The result is that the world remains scarily vulnerable.—World Bank, 2017 The world is interdependent, not only in terms of the flow of human beings but also the spread of new, emerging, and re-emerging pathogens (EIDR). The number of outbreaks per year has tripled in the last several decades (Smith et al., 2014) and the human and economic impact of human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola, and other diseases, has been staggering. Yet only a handful of countries have carried out pandemic preparedness exercises (World Bank, 2017). Health Comparison for Social Change Paper

Furthermore, funding for pandemic preparedness (e.g., the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations and the Bloomberg Foundation), has been led by nongovernmental donors more than by governments. Global preparedness is critical and must include strengthening global surveillance in public and other health care delivery systems. Communities must be engaged as active partners in primary and secondary infectious disease prevention efforts. As the largest cadre of the health workforce in every country, as well as a profession that is dedicated to prevention and alleviation of suffering, nurses must be integrally involved with interprofessional teams, communities, and across sectors for global pandemic preparedness. Background Infectious diseases constitute the third leading cause of death worldwide (WHO, 2017). International mobility contributes to the promulgation of new and reemerging pathogens that frequently are resistant to current form of treatment (Morens & Fauci, 2013). This mobility may result in disease outbreaks that have dire consequences. Emerging global pandemics pose high risks for individuals and communities. The unpredictability of pandemic outbreaks (agents, time, and place) is a given in communicable diseases. The gap in the incorporation of nursing knowledge and skills related to screening, disease identification, rapid response, community involvement, inter and intraagency communication, governmental notification, and coordination need not remain challenges to adequate and timely responses. The failure to develop a coordinated system of health care workers who understand the importance of detecting and forwarding information about the identification of an illness is a major gap in our ability to contain new infections. A key issue is the time delay in the early identification of infections that pose a threat to potential epidemics/pandemics. To mitigate the delay, it is essential that the health care professional who is the initial point of contact with the infected person, likely the * Corresponding author: Inge B. Corless PhD RN FNAP FAAN Lead Co-Chair, Global Nursing & Health Expert Panel. E-mail address: icorless@yahoo.com (I.B. Corless). 0029-6554/$ — see front matter © 2018 Published by Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2018.06.003 Nurs Outlook 66 (2018) 412–415 community health worker in many global settings, communicate with the appropriate provider or agency to initiate the next steps including identification of the pathogen, initiation of appropriate treatment, and prevention of further dissemination. In addition, recognition of a pattern, alerting others as to the emerging disease, and preventive services will aid in preventing further diffusion of pathogens from isolated cases. A delay in such identification may lead to the development of epidemics/pandemics and be an impediment to the prompt initiation of treatment for the infected individual, appropriate interventions and protective devices, and efforts to curtail the spread of the epidemic. Responses and Policy Options Response Recent events, such as the Ebola outbreak, demonstrate how lack of preparation and gaps in communication systems during the alert phase when a pathogen has been identified contribute to a delayed response (Dzau & Sands, 2016). Health Comparison for Social Change Paper

National and global organizations have evaluated the adequacy of the timeliness and programmatic response to potential outbreaks, and have examined what remains to be accomplished (Sands, Mundaca-Shaw, & Dzau, 2016). The World Health Organization Department of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases (PED) develops strategies, initiatives, and mechanisms to address emerging and re-emerging epidemic diseases to reduce impact on affected populations and limit international spread (World Health Organization, n.d.). Although the PED brochures note that their work is implemented through a multidisciplinary team that includes disease-specific and public health experts with field experience responding to outbreaks and emergencies under the International Health Regulation, it is not clear how nurse input is provided and communicated with the team. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Pandemics and Emerging Threats engages with multiple governmental and nongovernmental partners and agencies to set policy and support initiatives to prevent, detect, and respond to health threats and provides leadership and coordination of international activities through policy analysis, program development and implementation, coordination, and strategic planning (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). Health Comparison for Social Change Paper

Again, it is not clear how nurse input is provided or utilized during the early stages of the health challenge. The Global Advisory Panel on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2017) organized by Sigma Theta Tau International met with key nurse stakeholders throughout the world and released a 2014-2017 summary report (the Global Advisory Panel on the Future 413 of Nursing & Midwifery (GAPFON)) (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2017). Using accumulated rankings across all geographic regions, communicable disease was one of the top five health priorities identified by nursing leaders (www.gapfon.org). The contribution of nurses from all types and levels of practice to an improved response to global pandemics also has been noted (Edmonson, McCarthy, Trent-Adams, McCain, & Marshall, 2017). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified several time intervals important to organizing an effective response to an emerging pandemic. The first is Recognition Interval: Recognition of Increased Potential for Ongoing Transmission, described as the time when increasing numbers of human cases or clusters are identified anywhere in the world (CDC, 2011). Although the organizational responses noted above contribute to earlier ..Health Comparison for Social Change Paper