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Child Development Theories

Child Development Theories

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ssessment Instructions

Note: Because the assessments in this course move progressively through periods of child development, you are encouraged to complete them in sequential order, 1–5.

Write a 3–4-page well-developed paper in which you address the following. Because you will be describing a personal event or issue, it is appropriate to write in first person in your paper.

  1. Briefly describe an event or issue that you or someone you know experienced during childhood. The event could be divorce of parents, moving to a new neighborhood, learning to read or ride a bike, birth of a sibling, et cetera.
  2. Choose two theories and briefly summarize the main ideas of the theories. Theories to choose from may include:
    • Psychoanalytic Perspective.
    • Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory.
    • Piaget’s Cognitive-Development Theory.
    • Information Processing.
    • Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Psychology.
    • Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory.
    • Ecological Systems Theory.
    • Dynamic Systems Perspective.
  3. Apply the ideas from the two theories you summarized to explain the actions surrounding the event you described.
  4. Describe how the theories helped you gain an understanding of child development.
  5. Explain how longitudinal or cross-sectional approaches to research help us understand events and issues in child development.

Use in-text citations and appropriate concepts from your research.

You are urged to use Capella University’s Writing Center to help you develop clear and effective writing. Through the Writing Center, you will be able to receive feedback on your writing, use writing resources, discover new writing strategies, and explore different ways to draft, revise, edit, and proofread your own work.

If you wish, you may use the APA Paper Template, linked in the Resources, to complete your assessment.

Additional Requirements
  • Written communication: Ensure that your writing is free of errors that detract from the overall message.
  • APA formatting: Format your paper according to APA style.
  • Length: Write 3–4 typed and double-spaced pages.
  • Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.

SUGGESTED RESOURCES

The resources provided here are optional and support the assessment. They provide helpful information about the topics. You may use other resources of your choice to prepare for this assessment; however, you will need to ensure that they are appropriate, credible, and valid. The PSYC-FP2700 – Child Development Library Guide can help direct your research. The Supplemental Resources and Research Resources, both linked from the left navigation menu in your courseroom, provide additional resources to help support you.

Psychological Theories

These chapters describe theories related to child development, as well as applications of theory to describe and explain events and/or issues.

  • Berk, L. E., & Meyers, A. B. (2016). Infants and children: Prenatal through middle childhood (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Available from the bookstore.
    • Chapter 4, “Birth and the Newborn Baby,” pages 122–157.
    • Chapter 3, “Prenatal Development,” pages 91–121.
    • Chapter 2, “Biological and Environmental Foundations,” pages 50–89.
    • Chapter 1, “History, Theory, and Research Strategies,” pages 2–49.
  • Capella Media:
Applications of Psychological Theory
Research Methods in Child Development

Most research on child development uses either of two methods: longitudinal or cross-sectional. The following resources describe these methods and provide examples of their use. These examples show the attributes of and differences between longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods in studying child development.

 

child_development_theories_scoring_guide.pdf
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10/16/2018 Child Development Theories Scoring Guide Child Development Theories Scoring Guide CRITERIA NON-PERFORMANCE BASIC PROFICIENT DISTINGUISHED Summarize the main ideas of psychological theories. Does not summarize the main ideas of psychological theories. Identifies and provides a limited summary of one or two psychological theories. Summarizes the main ideas of psychological theories. Provides a clear summary of the main ideas of two or more psychological theories using examples. Apply psychological theories to explain a developmental event or issue. Does not identify psychological theories to explain a developmental event or issue. Identifies a developmental life event but without discussion about how psychological theories apply to that issue or event. Applies psychological theories to explain a developmental event or issue. Applies psychological theories to explain a developmental event or issue, including a complete description of the theories and evidence from the literature. Describe how theories can inform an understanding of child development.Child Development Theories
Does not identify how theories can inform an understanding of child development. Identifies the theories, but demonstrates a limited understanding of how the theories relate to child development. Describes how theories can inform an understanding of child development. Describes how theories can inform an understanding of child development and supports with examples and evidence from the literature. Explain the research Does not identify the methods used in research methods used child development. in child development. Identifies but does not fully explain the research methods used in child development. Explains the research methods used in child development. Explains the research methods used in child development, including the application of theories. Write coherently to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a psychology professional. Writing does not support a central idea and does not use correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a psychology professional. Writing supports an idea but is inconsistent and contains major errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics. Writing coherently supports a central idea with few errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics. Writing is coherent, using evidence to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a psychology professional. Use APA format and style. Does not use APA format and style. Uses APA format and style but inconsistently and with errors. Uses APA Uses correct APA format format and style and style consistently and consistently with no errors. and with few errors. https://courserooma.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/PSYC-FP/PSYC-Child Development TheoriesFP2700/181000/Scoring_Guides/a01_scoring_guide.html 1/1 Running head: APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 1 The instructional and sample text in this template is informational. After reading the information, please delete it, and use the document as a template for your own paper. To keep the correct format, edit the running head, cover page, headings, and reference list with your own information, and add your own body text. Save this template in a file for future use and information. The running head is an abbreviated title of the paper. The running head is located at the top of pages of a manuscript or published article to identify the article for readers. The running head should be a maximum of 50 characters, counting letters, punctuation, and spaces between words. The words “Running head” are on the cover page but not on the rest of the document. The running head title is all capital letters. Page 1 begins on the cover page. The entire document should be double-spaced, have 1-inch margins on all sides, and use 12 point Times New Roman font. Full Title of Paper Learner’s Full Name Course Title Assignment Title Capella University Month, Year APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 2 Abstract (As this section is optional, check with your instructor.) An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of a paper. It allows readers to quickly review the key elements of a paper without having to read the entire document. This can be helpful for readers who are searching for specific information and may be reviewing many documents. The abstract may be one of the most important paragraphs in a paper because readers often decide if they will read the document based on information in the abstract. An abstract may not be required in some academic papers; however, it can still be an effective method of gaining the reader’s attention.Child Development Theories
For example, an abstract will not be required for Capella’s first course, PSYC3002. The following sentences serve as an example of what could be composed as an abstract for this paper: The basic elements of APA style will be reviewed, including formatting of an APA style paper, in-text citations, and a reference list. Additional information will address the components of an introduction, how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and elements of a summary and conclusion section of a paper. APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 3 APA Style Paper Template: A Resource for Academic Writing Please change the titles in this document to fit your paper. APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. APA style is used when writing papers in the psychology programs offered at Capella University. This document serves as an APA style template for learners to use when writing their own papers, as well as a resource containing valuable information that can be used when writing academic papers. For more information on APA style, learners can refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association, 2010a). The author demonstrates in the first section of this paper how an introduction effectively introduces the reader to the topic of the paper. In APA style, an introduction never gets a heading. For example, this section did not begin with a heading titled “Introduction,” similar to the following section, which is titled “Writing an Effective Introduction.” The following section will explain in greater detail a model that can be used to effectively write an introduction in an academic paper. The remaining sections of the paper will continue to address APA style and effective writing concepts including section headings, organizing information, the MEAL plan, the conclusion, and the reference list. Writing an Effective Introduction An effective introduction often consists of four main components including (a) the position statement, thesis, or hypothesis, which describes the author’s main position; (b) the purpose, which outlines the objective of the paper; (c) the background, which is general information that is needed to understand the content of the paper; and (d) the approach, which is the process or methodology the author uses to achieve the purpose of the paper. Child Development Theories
This information APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 4 will help readers understand what will be discussed in the paper. It can also serve as a tool to grab the reader’s attention. Authors may choose to briefly reference sources that will be identified later on in the paper as in this example (American Psychological Association, 2010a; American Psychological Association, 2010b; Walker, 2008). In an introduction, the writer will often present something of interest to capture the reader’s attention and introduce the issue. Adding an obvious statement of purpose helps the reader know what to expect, while helping the writer to focus and stay on task. For example, this paper will address several components necessary to effectively write an academic paper including (a) how to write an introduction, (b) how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and (c) how to properly use APA style. Level One Section Heading is Centered, Bold, Uppercase and Lowercase Using section headings can be an effective method of organizing an academic paper. The section headings should not be confused with the running head, which is a different concept described in the cover page of this document. Section headings are not required according to APA style; however, they can significantly improve the quality of a paper. This is accomplished because section headings help both the reader and the author. Level Two Section Heading is Flush Left, Bold, Uppercase and Lowercase The heading style recommended by APA consists of five levels (American Psychological Association, 2010a, p. 62). This document contains two levels to demonstrate how headings are structured according to APA style. Immediately before the previous paragraph, a Level 1 heading was used. That section heading describes how a Level 1 heading should be written, which is centered, bold, and using uppercase and lowercase letters. For another example, see the section heading “Writing an Effective Introduction” on page 3 of this document.Child Development Theories
The heading is APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 5 centered, bold, and uses uppercase and lowercase letters (compared to all uppercase in the running head at the top of each page). If used properly, section headings can significantly contribute to the quality of a paper by helping the reader who wants to understand the information in the document, and the author who desires to effectively describe the information in the document. Section Headings Help the Reader Section headings serve multiple purposes including (a) helping readers understand what is being addressed in each section, (b) breaking up text to help readers maintain an interest in the paper, and (c) helping readers choose what they want to read. For example, if the reader of this document wants to learn more about writing an effective introduction, the previous section heading clearly states that is where information can be found. When subtopics are needed to explain concepts in greater detail, different levels of headings are used according to APA style. Section Headings Help the Author Section headings do not only help the reader, they help the author organize the document during the writing process. Section headings can be used to arrange topics in a logical order, and they can help an author manage the length of the paper. In addition to an effective introduction and the use of section headings, each paragraph of an academic paper can be written in a manner that helps the reader stay engaged. Capella University promotes the use of the MEAL plan to serve this purpose.
The MEAL Plan The MEAL plan is a model used by Capella University to help learners effectively compose academic discussions and papers. Each component of the MEAL plan is critical to writing an effective paragraph. The acronym MEAL is based on four components of a paragraph APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 6 (M = Main point, E = Evidence or Example, A = Analysis, and L = Link). The following section includes a detailed description and examples of each component of the MEAL plan. When writing the content sections of an academic paper (as opposed to the introduction or conclusion sections), the MEAL plan can be an effective model for designing each paragraph. A paragraph begins with a description of the main point, which is represented by the letter “M” of the MEAL plan. For example, the first sentence of this paragraph clearly states the main point is a discussion of the MEAL plan. Once the main point has been made, evidence and examples can be provided. The second component of a paragraph contains evidence or examples, which is represented by the letter “E” in the MEAL plan. An example of this component of the MEAL plan is actually (and ironically) this sentence, which provides an example of an example. Evidence can be in the form of expert opinions from research. For example, evidence shows that plagiarism can occur even when it is not intended if sources are not properly cited (Marsh, Landau, & Hicks, 1997; Walker, 2008). The previous sentence provides evidence supporting why evidence is used in a paragraph. Analysis, which is represented by the letter “A” of the MEAL plan, should be based on the author’s interpretation of the evidence. An effective analysis might include a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments, as well as the author’s interpretations of the evidence and examples. If a quote is used, the author will likely provide an analysis of the quote and the specific point it makes for the author’s position. Without an analysis, the reader might not understand why the author discussed the information that the reader just read. For example, the previous sentence was an analysis by the author of why an analysis is performed when writing paragraphs in academic papers. APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 7 Even with the first three elements of the MEAL plan, it would not be complete without the final component.
The letter “L” of the MEAL plan refers to information that “links” the current and the subsequent paragraphs. The link helps the reader understand what will be discussed in the next paragraph. It summarizes the author’s reasoning and shows how the paragraph fits together and leads (that is, links) into the next section of the paper. For example, this sentence might explain that once the MEAL plan has been effectively used when writing the body of an academic paper, the final section is the summary and conclusion section. Summary and Conclusion A summary and conclusion section, which can also be the discussion section of an APA style paper, is the final opportunity for the author to make a lasting impression on the reader. The author can begin by restating opinions or positions and summarizing the most important points that have been presented in the paper. For example, this paper was written to demonstrate to readers how to effectively use APA style when writing academic papers. Various components of an APA style paper that were discussed or displayed in the form of examples include a running head, title page, introduction section, levels of section headings and their use, in-text citations, the MEAL plan, a conclusion, and the reference list. APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 8 References American Psychological Association. (2010a). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychological Association. (2010b).
Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx Marsh, R. L., Landau, J. D., & Hicks, J. L. (1997). Contributions of inadequate source monitoring to unconscious plagiarism during idea generation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(4), 886–897. doi: 10.1037/02787393.23.4.886 Walker, A. L. (2008). Preventing unintentional plagiarism: A method for strengthening paraphrasing skills. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 35(4), 387–395. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213904438?accountid=27965 Always begin a reference list on a new page. Use a hanging indent after the first line of each reference. The reference list is in alphabetical order by first author’s last name. A reference list only contains sources that are cited in the body of the paper, and all sources cited in the body of the paper must be contained in the reference list. The reference list above contains an example of how to cite a source when two documents are written in the same year by the same author.
The year is also displayed using this method for the corresponding in-text citations as in the next sentence. The author of the first citation (American Psychological Association, 2010a) is also the publisher, therefore, the word “Author” is used in place of the publisher’s name. When a digital object identifier (DOI) is available for a journal article, it should be placed at the end of the citation. If a DOI is not available, a uniform resource locator (URL) should be used. The Marsh, Landau, and Hicks (1997) reference is an example of how to cite a source using a DOI. The Walker (2008) reference is an example of how to cite a source using a URL. …Child Development Theories