Discussion: Disaster management – disease outbreak
Discussion: Disaster management – disease outbreak
• Address the following assignment requirements as it relates to disaster management – disease outbreak preparedness, response and recovery efforts
o Summarize and evaluate a minimum of 10 (ten) peer-reviewed journal articles published within the past 5 years that address current research topics in public health.
o Each annotation must be a minimum of 250 words and include the following:
▪ Summary of the resource content
▪ Evaluation of resource utility
▪ Assessment of resource credibility and reliability
o Paraphrase information to demonstrate your own understanding of the topic in the context of public health research.
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Outbreak response as an essential component of vaccine development Richard Hatchett, Nicole Lurie
The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) was created as a result of an emerging global consensus that a coordinated, international, and intergovernmental effort was needed to develop and deploy new vaccines to prevent future epidemics. Although some disease outbreaks can be relatively brief, early outbreak response activities can provide important opportunities to make progress on vaccine development. CEPI has identified six such areas and is prepared to work with other organisations in the global community to combat WHO priority pathogens, including the hypothetical Disease X, by supporting early activities in these areas, even when vaccine candidates are not yet available.
Introduction Over the past two decades, a succession of infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics have challenged the emergency preparedness and response systems of global public health institutions. The 2014–15 Ebola epidemic in parts of west Africa and the 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic in Central America and South America were key events that galvanised global efforts to strengthen global health security.
Examples of the global efforts to prepare for infectious disease outbreaks include the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), a partnership of more than 64 countries and international organisations that was established in February, 2014, to strengthen the ability of countries to prevent, detect, and respond to epidemics; the World Bank’s Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility (PEF),1 which was launched in May, 2016, can rapidly make funds available for epidemic response; and the WHO Research and Development (R&D) Blueprint,2 endorsed in May, 2016, by the World Health Assembly, to increase the speed of medical product development to quell outbreaks. Learning from the lengthy process needed to develop vaccines against epidemic diseases, such as Ebola virus and Zika virus, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), was launched at the Davos Summit in January, 2017, with a mandate to speed the development of vaccines against epidemic diseases.
The global need for CEPI became apparent in the wake of the 2014–15 Ebola epidemic, which exposed deep inadequacies in the responses of the institutions responsible for safeguarding the public against the wide-ranging negative consequences of infectious disease outbreaks.3 The Ebola epidemic killed more than 11 000 people and cost the economies of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, some of the worst affected countries, a cumulative US$53 billion.4 Despite the public and private sector’s successful development and deployment of an experimental vaccine towards the end of the epidemic, the collective response to Ebola virus disease fell short, and a better system to produce effective vaccines against epidemic threats was needed.
CEPI was launched as a response to the emerging consensus that a coordinated, international, and
inter governmental effort was required to develop and deploy new vaccines to prevent future epidemics. As such, CEPI’s mission is to stimulate, finance, and coordinate vaccine development against diseases with epidemic potential when market incentives are unsuccessful. Discussion: Disaster management – disease outbreak
CEPI has prioritised investments in two areas. The first is the development of vaccines against a set of high- priority pathogens, initially the Lassa virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Nipah virus, and, more recently, Rift Valley fever virus and the chikungunya virus. The second is the development of vaccine platform technologies that will enable rapid vaccine development and manufacturing. CEPI’s focus on the high-priority pathogens was informed by WHO’s R&D Blueprint for action to prevent epidemics and based on a number of other factors, including the risk of an outbreak occurring, transmissibility of the pathogen, bur den of disease, and feasibility of vaccine development.2 CEPI’s investments in vaccine platform technologies aim to expedite vaccine development to improve global capac ity to respond to the emergence of an unknown pathogen with epidemic potential (referred to as Disease X in the WHO R&D Blueprint).
CEPI set an initial funding goal of $1 billion, on the basis of an analysis of what it would cost to fund the development of four to six candidate vaccines for two to three diseases on the WHO Blueprint list through to phase 2, and to develop an investigational stockpile of those vaccines.5 To date, CEPI has secured commitments and aligned investments of more than $750 million toward that goal, which includes investments from Norway, Germany, Japan, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the European Commission, in addition to investments from Australia, Belgium, Canada, and the UK.
Initiatives like CEPI, GHSA, PEF, and WHO R&D Blueprint are mutually reinforcing; for example, the PEF has released funds to support the response to the 2018–2019 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.6 Under the rubric of the WHO R&D Blueprint, WHO will publish disease- specific roadmaps, describing key knowledge gaps relevant to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of
Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19: e399–403
Published Online June 27, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1473-3099(19)30305-6
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation, Oslo, Norway (R Hatchett MD, Prof N Lurie MD)
Correspondence to: Dr Richard Hatchett, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation, London NW1 2BE, UK richard.hatchett@cepi.net
For more on CEPI see http:// www.cepi.net
For more on GHSA see https://www.ghsagenda.org/
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30305-6&domain=pdf
e400 www.thelancet.com/infection Vol 19 November 2019
Personal View Discussion: Disaster management – disease outbreak
outbreaks of priority pathogens, including those related to CEPI’s development efforts.7 These roadmaps highlight core product-development needs, including animal models for testing vaccines and biological standards and assays required for assessment of vaccine candidates, which must be addressed to successfully develop and test vac cines. These needs, in turn, are included in CEPI’s initial vac cine development projects and other cross cutting initiatives that aim to advance vaccine candidates for these diseases.