Healthcare Administration Research Papers.
Healthcare Administration Research Papers.
Running Head: HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 1 HCM600 Research Project Fall 2022 Student name: SEU ID number: Ph. Number: Student’s Thesis Topic What is the idea/topic you would like research? BEST PRACTICES IN FOLLOWING UP MEDICAL PROCEDURES IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA (KSA) TO AVOID MEDICAL ERRORS Medical error is a significant problem affecting the healthcare system in the KSA. Research shows that litigation rates on medical errors in the KSA increase. For example, resolutions on clinical claims of medical errors in KSA increased by 8% between 2012 and 2016 (Alkhenizan & Shafiq, 2018).
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The consequences of medical errors are dire. Therefore, the study will seek to find the best practices that can be used to follow up medical procedures in the KSA and prevent medical errors. HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 2 What is the question you would like to answer? The research question to be answered in this research is: what are the best practices in following up medical procedures in the KSA that can help avoid medical errors? How are you planning to answer your research question? The study seeks to answer the question using both secondary and primary data.
The secondary information will be obtained through a systematic literature review on the best practices of monitoring medical procedures that have worked in other countries and can be applied in the KSA. Another source of secondary data will come from claimed medical errors litigation process in KSA and how it was addressed. Through this, it will be possible to identify the problems and develop appropriate solutions. On the other hand, primary data will be obtained from qualitative research through a survey administered to randomly sampled patients, family members, and healthcare professionals who have experienced medical errors before. The focus will be on the causes of those errors and best practices that have been implemented to mitigate the errors. 1.
Database Two databases will be used for literature search in this research. The first will be PubMed. PubMed is the most relevant source of medical publications across the world. This database is hosted at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States (US) but receives medical journals worldwide. The database also offers bibliographic information such as abstracts and links to the website from where the entire publication can be found. The second database will be Google Scholar. Google Scholar is a web search engine that is freely accessible. The database indexes the metadata of scholarly literature or full-text publications across different disciplines and publishing formats. HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 3 2. Keywords Various keywords will guide the literature search.
These include medical errors, medical procedures, medical errors in KSA, medical errors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, following up medical procedures, medical errors in urgent procedures, medical errors in the emergency room (ER), medical procedures in an intensive care unit (ICU), medical errors in the operating room (OR), and best practices in following up medical procedures in KSA. 3. Inclusion Criteria Various criteria will be used to include articles for the literature review. The first criterion will be time. Since addressing medical errors is highly evolving, only articles published within the past five years will be included. Another criterion for inclusion will be relevance.
The articles included must address anything related to medical errors in KSA, specifically in medical procedures. Lastly, the articles included will be required to address medical procedures in ER, ICU, or OR. This is because it relates to my field as a paramedic. 4. Exclusion Criteria The exclusion criteria will mainly be based on the opposite of the inclusion criteria. For example, articles published more than five years ago will not be included in the literature. Publications that do not mention medical errors will also be excluded from the literature review. Also, articles that are based on systematic literature review will be excluded even if they relate with the topic since they only present secondary data discussion. Lastly, articles that do not talk about medical procedure HCM600 Research Project: Articles Search: Best Practices in Following up Medical Procedures in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) To Avoid Medical Errors Article searches were done by typing the various keyword combinations with the Boolean operators in two databases: PubMed and Google Scholar. The combinations yielded different results, screened to pass the inclusion criteria.
The first keyword was medical errors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (4 articles), medical errors OR medical procedures AND KSA (2 articles), following up medical procedures OR medical errors in urgent procedures (3 articles), medical errors in the emergency room (ER) OR medical procedures in an intensive care unit (ICU) OR medical errors in the operating room (OR) in KSA (2 articles), and best practices in HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 4 following up medical procedures in KSA (0 articles but could be deduced from other articles). The 11 articles were screened and 2 excluded due to the fact that they were systematic reviews. Therefore, the following 9 articles were included for this study. Al-Barnawi, A., He, Y., Maglaras, L. A., & Janicke, H. (2019). Electronic medical records and risk management in hospitals of Saudi Arabia. Informatics for Health and Social Care, 44(2), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538157.2018.1434181 The article discussed how electronic medical records (EMR) could minimize the risks of medical errors after medical procedures. The researchers state that medical errors are increasingly common in healthcare facilities and are attributed to medical equipment interactions.
Therefore, risk assessment comes in handy in addressing the situation. Risk assessment and medical procedures follow up are highly achievable through EMR systems. Initial research in KSA has demonstrated that healthcare organizations have a low quality of healthcare services following ineffective risk management. Therefore, the study applied the Theoretic Accident Modelling and Processes (STAMP) risk management technique in KSA. The research also evaluated the implementation of this risk assessment technique. Through a two-phase case study, researchers found that system risks related to failure included delays in patient service delivery, lack of information exchange during medical procedures among medical professionals, and complications associated with late medication action. Therefore, the researchers suggested that it is out of order to tune off the system during busy working hours and that trained users should only run it. Furthermore, system users need to be aware of the procedures, policies, and guidelines of reporting incidences of medication errors. HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 5 The essentiality of this article in the current research is undeniable. For instance, it shows how various factors contribute to medical errors following medical procedures. It then offers some of the best options to mitigate medication errors through following up on medical procedures. This is best achieved through proper communication and consistent use of the system during busy and nonbusy hours of operation. Alanazi, B., Butler-Henderson, K., & Alanazi, M. R. (2019).
The role of electronic health records in improving communication between health professionals in primary healthcare centres in Riyadh: Perception of health professionals. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 264, 499–503. https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI190272 This article discussed the need to use electronic health records (EHRs) to monitor the administration of drugs and then follow up on medication errors. They believed that effective communication among healthcare providers is an effective way to achieve quality and safer patient care. Specifically, the study was based on examining how occupation and training of healthcare professionals in Riyadh, KSA, impact the perception by the professionals on the role of EHRs in enhancing the communication among medical practitioners. The study was conducted through cross-sectional and descriptive design. The results indicated that the professionals’ training and occupation influenced their perception of EHRs on communication among healthcare professionals. The researchers also found that professionals and physicians with EHRs training had the highest rating for the system’s role to improve communication between the healthcare professionals.
The article further suggests that healthcare providers need to embrace the use of EHRs in their practice to promote inter professional collaboration and communication in the patient care process. HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 6 From this article, it can be extracted that EHRs can be used to follow up medication errors, hence its importance in this research. Since EHRs facilitate effective communication among healthcare providers, it is apparent that it can also help in effectively tracking the source of medical errors and hence find ways to mitigate the challenges.
It cannot be denied that patients are handled with multiple professionals. Effective communication among these individuals is necessary to establish the source of the medical errors. Although not directly stated, this article suggests that one of the best practices of following up medical procedures in the KSA to avoid medical errors is EHRs. Alkhenizan, A. H., & Shafiq, M. R. (2018). The process of litigation for medical errors in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. Saudi Medical Journal, 39(11), 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2018.11.22854 This review compared the processes of medical errors litigation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Kingdom (UK). The authors stated that the litigation process of medical errors needs to be efficient to ensure a speedy, fair, and accessible judicial system. The UK and KSA have similar conditions for establishing medical negligence that leads to medical errors. Specifically, the requirements include the duty to care, breach of the obligation to care, establishing causation, and the damages caused.
Nonetheless, the article demonstrates that the cost of awarded compensations and medical claims is much more in the UK than in the KSA. It is also shown that the KSA requires more transparency in the publication and documentation of litigated medical errors. Additionally, it is necessary to introduce various interventions that can help in shortening the litigation process in both the UK and HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 7 KSA. In both cases, medical errors are defined as failure of a plan of management to be completed as initially intended or the use of a wrong management plan. If there are potential medical errors, there should be litigation to establish clinical negligence. This article is imperative in this research. This is because it establishes that one of how medical errors are followed in KSA is through legal means. However, the article also mentions no transparency in the litigation process.
Therefore, the article is related to the research topic and presents a gap in literature where transparency needs to be established in the KSA judicial system when it comes to the litigation of medication errors. Alnasser, A., Aldeeri, I., Aljamal, W., Sharahili, K., & Alturki, Y. (2020). Patients’ knowledge, awareness, and attitude regarding patient safety at a teaching hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(10), 5236–5241. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_587_20 The objective of this article was to assess the baseline status of knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of patients on their safety. Another objective derived from this helped determine the factors influencing patients’ knowledge regarding their safety. The research was performed through a cross-sectional study with a sample of 410 patients at the King Khali University Hospital in Riyadh, KSA. Results indicated that 21.6% of the respondent patients were not knowledgeable, in any way, on the side effects of their drugs. Another 47.8% of the patients mentioned that their physicians did not inform them of the side effects of their prescribing drugs. HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 8 Additionally, 20.7% of the patients reported that they had witnessed medical errors, while 66.3% did not report medical errors because they were unaware of the reporting. This article has a direct relationship with the topic of the current research. It highlights the weaknesses that exist in the reporting system of medical error within the healthcare system of the KSA.
The article also indicated the evidence of medical errors, most of which have not been reported. From this article, it is possible to state that medical errors can be addressed or followed up by establishing solid communication between the physicians and the patients. They often interact during the treatment process. Alshammari, F. M., Alanazi, E. J., Alanazi, A. M., Alturifi, A. K., & Alshammari, T. M. (2021). Medication Error Concept and Reporting Practices in Saudi Arabia: A Multiregional Study Among Healthcare Professionals. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, 2395–2406. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S281154 In this article, the researchers investigated the knowledge of healthcare professionals on the medication errors, reporting systems of the medical errors, the predictors of awareness of healthcare professionals to report medication errors in the KSA.
The study was conducted through a cross-sectional method among the healthcare professionals, including nurses, physicians, and pharmacists, from January to March 2020. Results indicated that 28.8% of the healthcare professionals properly understood the different stages of medication errors. Also, 58.8% of the healthcare professionals have never reported medication errors in their HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 9 various workplaces, and 37.7% of the professionals indicated that legal barriers are a significant limiter on reporting medication errors. Additionally, 53.5% of the healthcare professionals indicated an unclear electronic system that they can use to report medication errors in various hospitals. Lastly, research showed that 54.8% of the healthcare professionals did not attend any training on medication errors. This article relates to the current research since it describes the possible source of medical errors.
Therefore, it can be used to identify various challenges that impede monitoring of medical procedures to help minimize medical errors in the healthcare facility. Alyami, M. H., Naser, A. Y., Alswar, H. S., Alyami, H. S., Alyami, A. H., & Al Sulayyim, H. J. (2022). Medication errors in Najran, Saudi Arabia: reporting, responsibility, and characteristics: a cross-sectional study. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2022.02.005 This article assessed the responsibility, reporting, and characteristics of medication errors in Najran, Saudi Arabia, through a cross-sectional study. According to Alyami et al. (2022), a medication error is preventable but can lead to adverse effects in medical care. Interestingly, medication errors can either be evident or harmful to the patient. Researchers found that 4,860 medication errors were identified in Najran, KSA, between 2018 and 2020. Most of the reported medication errors (66.9%) were associated with prescribing, ordering, and transcribing medications. The medication errors, in specific, resulted from dosage units, inappropriate HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 10 dosage, and therapeutic medication duplications. Healthcare Administration Research Papers
The administration was also associated with the origin of medication errors. The effects manifested through missing documentation in the administration process, look-alike and sound-like medications, and doublecheck during high-alert medication administrations. The most commonly reported locations for medication errors were identified as female medical wards, male medical wards, and intensive care units (ICU). Additionally, pharmacists indicated more than half of the reported medication errors. Lastly, physicians were responsible for 66.0% of all the reported medication errors than nurses.
. This article is highly applicable to the current research. It highlights the weak points where medical errors emerge. It also indicates that medication errors are common in hospital settings across the KSA, specifically in its southern provinces. Therefore, the article establishes the need to monitor the medications’ ordering, prescribing, and transcription process before they are administered. Furthermore, the follow-up can be done by assessing nurses and physician records, since these were the individuals at risk of making the mistakes leading to the medication errors. Alzahrani, N., Jones, R., & Abdel-Latif, M. E. (2018). Attitudes of doctors and nurses toward patient safety within emergency departments of two Saudi Arabian hospitals. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 736. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913018-3542-7 HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 11 The research aimed to investigate nurses and doctors’ attitudes towards patient safety in the ED of two hospitals in KSA. Healthcare Administration Research Papers
The study was conducted using a cross-sectional survey via a validated safety Attitudes Questionnaire. The results indicated that nurses and doctors have fewer positive attitudes towards the safety of patients. This was prominent in the dimensions of hospital management (56.9%) and stress recognition (58.1%). Additionally, there was a lower teamwork dimension among nurses than doctors. Additionally, it was shown that there are fewer errors reported and job satisfaction, teamwork climate, and work conditions. The article is helpful in the current research. It highlights what is needed to achieve effective follow-up of medical procedures and address the patient issues related to medication errors. That is, both nurses and doctors should have a positive attitude towards the safety of patients. However, these safety attitudes are created through an engaging working environment. It is then the responsibility of hospital management in the KSA to create a conducive working environment for nurses and doctors.
This establishes an effective follow-up system for medication procedures and minimizes medical errors. Anzan, M., Alwhaibi, M., Almetwazi, M., & Alhawassi, T. M. (2021). Prescribing errors and associated factors in discharge prescriptions in the emergency department: A prospective cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245321 The study aimed to explore the nature and prevalence of medication errors in discharge prescriptions in ED and identify the potential risk factors associated with these medical errors. The ED services in KSA are offered by governmental and private healthcare HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 12 facilities capable of handling acute healthcare conditions. However, the private hospitals in KSA lack involvement in pre-hospital ED related services, and they offer minimal patient service if they have to do so. These services include patient transportation. The body that regulates ED services is the Emergency, Disasters, and Ambulatory Transportation general Department, which is part of the Ministry of Health. Healthcare Administration Research Papers
The research was done through a prospective observational cross-sectional study in ambulatory ED in a tertiary teaching hospital. After collecting data for six months, the researcher found that the main medical errors included wrong dose (23.2%), wrong strength errors (14.6%), and wrong frequency (20.7%). Additionally, 36.8% of prescription errors were associated with pediatric prescriptions, acute care emergency units caused 26.5%, and triage emergency units generated 20.6%. Similar to Alnasser et al. (2020) findings, this article also revealed that the leading cause of medical errors was lacking knowledge (40.9%) and selection from a computer generation list (31.8%). The systems related factors include pre-printed medication orders (50%), level of noise (13.0%), lack of training (31.5%), and interruption of frequency by the prescriber or distraction (11.1%). The prescribers who were most likely involved with these errors were resident physicians (39.4%), general practitioners (24.4%), and specialists (30.3%). It was also found that physicians rejected about 12% of recommendations raised by pharmacists to the identified prescription errors depending on the clinical judgment. Healthcare Administration Research Papers. Healthcare Administration Research Papers
This article is important to the research topic as it outlines the possible sources of medical error. It is evident that patients from the emergency department will always have prescriptions after the medical procedures. Therefore, communication among healthcare professionals is essential in determining the chain of medical procedures and hence the possible medication error source HCM600 RESEARCH PROJECT 13 determination. The article also helps understand that both human and systems factors commonly impact the occurrence of medical errors. Rahman, R. (2020). The Privatization of Health Care System in Saudi Arabia. Health Services Insights, 13, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178632920934497 The article discusses the privatization of the healthcare systems within the KSA. According to the paper, medical errors are common in private and public hospitals. The results indicated that multiple factors derail the administration of quality healthcare services provided by medical professionals.
These factors have resulted in the need to expand the role of the private sector in delivering healthcare services in KSA. The results also indicated that the public health system in KSA lacks standards and quality of healthcare services. The challenge of medication errors continues to increase, as witnessed between 2009 and 2012 when the cases increased from 1510 to 2002. Most of the patients were reported in public healthcare facilities. Healthcare Administration Research Papers
Therefore, it was necessary to expand private sectors to help address the issues associated with medical errors in the country. This article is equally helpful as other sources discussed herein. This is because it highlights how the KSA can diversify its healthcare system to address the issues of medical errors. For example, the article demonstrates how the private sector healthcare system significantly expanded to help address medical errors that were overwhelming the healthcare system in the KSA.
Healthcare Administration Research Papers.
