History of Nursing

Assessment 1 Context As you start this course, it seems very appropriate to consider where we have been as a profession, both in nursing and nursing education, as well as where you have been and are going as a professional. This seems especially important at this time in health care, where more is demanded of nurses and, as the Institute of Medicine has urged us in the subtitle of the report The Future of Nursing (2010), we are to be “Leading Change, Advancing Health.” A multitude of forces beyond our control, including economic and political forces, may shape the profession of nursing; as nurse educators, however, it is our work to provide the educational foundations needed for patient care, for improved health status for all, and for a well-prepared workforce of nurses. The Nurse Educator Role When we say we are nurse educators, the image that comes to mind for many is that of a nursing instructor in an undergraduate nursing program. The work that person is engaged in is teaching others how to be nurses. While that is certainly one aspect of the nurse educator role, the setting and the work may vary greatly and have expanded in recent years. Today, nurse educators are also staff development specialists, clinical nurse educators, nurse navigators, patient educators, researchers, and community health educators, to name a few of the many options available. Some nurse educators, especially in university settings, will hold joint appointments as nursing faculty in a college of nursing and as clinicians in the university hospital. Other educators will work exclusively in a hospital or community setting, educating staff, patients, or community. Regardless of the setting, the role of educator encompasses more than teaching; there is also an expectation for scholarship and for service. References Institute of Medicine. (2010). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Zorn, C. R. (2010). Becoming a nurse educator: Dialogue for an emerging career. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1 Running head: APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 1

The instructional and sample text in this template is informational. After reading the information, please delete it, and use the document as a template for your own paper. To keep the correct format, edit the running head, cover page, headings, and reference list with your own information, and add your own body text. Save this template in a file for future use and information. The running head is an abbreviated title of the paper. The running head is located at the top of pages of a manuscript or published article to identify the article for readers. The running head should be a maximum of 50 characters, counting letters, punctuation, and spaces between words. The words “Running head” are on the cover page but not on the rest of the document. The running head title is all capital letters. Page 1 begins on the cover page. The entire document should be double-spaced, have 1-inch margins on all sides, and use 12 point Times New Roman font. Full Title of Paper Learner’s Full Name Course Title Assignment Title Capella University Month, Year APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 2 Abstract (As this section is optional, check with your instructor.) An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of a paper. It allows readers to quickly review the key elements of a paper without having to read the entire document. This can be helpful for readers who are searching for specific information and may be reviewing many documents. The abstract may be one of the most important paragraphs in a paper because readers often decide if they will read the document based on information in the abstract. An abstract may not be required in some academic papers; however, it can still be an effective method of gaining the reader’s attention. For example, an abstract will not be required for Capella’s first course, PSYC3002. The following sentences serve as an example of what could be composed as an abstract for this paper: The basic elements of APA style will be reviewed, including formatting of an APA style paper, in-text citations, and a reference list. Additional information will address the components of an introduction, how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and elements of a summary and conclusion section of a paper. APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 3 APA Style Paper Template: A Resource for Academic Writing Please change the titles in this document to fit your paper. APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. APA style is used when writing papers in the psychology programs offered at Capella University.

This document serves as an APA style template for learners to use when writing their own papers, as well as a resource containing valuable information that can be used when writing academic papers. For more information on APA style, learners can refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association, 2010a). The author demonstrates in the first section of this paper how an introduction effectively introduces the reader to the topic of the paper. In APA style, an introduction never gets a heading. For example, this section did not begin with a heading titled “Introduction,” similar to the following section, which is titled “Writing an Effective Introduction.” The following section will explain in greater detail a model that can be used to effectively write an introduction in an academic paper. The remaining sections of the paper will continue to address APA style and effective writing concepts including section headings, organizing information, the MEAL plan, the conclusion, and the reference list. Writing an Effective Introduction An effective introduction often consists of four main components including (a) the position statement, thesis, or hypothesis, which describes the author’s main position; (b) the purpose, which outlines the objective of the paper; (c) the background, which is general information that is needed to understand the content of the paper; and (d) the approach, which is the process or methodology the author uses to achieve the purpose of the paper. This information APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 4 will help readers understand what will be discussed in the paper. It can also serve as a tool to grab the reader’s attention. Authors may choose to briefly reference sources that will be identified later on in the paper as in this example (American Psychological Association, 2010a; American Psychological Association, 2010b; Walker, 2008). In an introduction, the writer will often present something of interest to capture the reader’s attention and introduce the issue. Adding an obvious statement of purpose helps the reader know what to expect, while helping the writer to focus and stay on task.

For example, this paper will address several components necessary to effectively write an academic paper including (a) how to write an introduction, (b) how to write effective paragraphs using the MEAL plan, and (c) how to properly use APA style. Level One Section Heading is Centered, Bold, Uppercase and Lowercase Using section headings can be an effective method of organizing an academic paper. The section headings should not be confused with the running head, which is a different concept described in the cover page of this document. Section headings are not required according to APA style; however, they can significantly improve the quality of a paper. This is accomplished because section headings help both the reader and the author. Level Two Section Heading is Flush Left, Bold, Uppercase and Lowercase The heading style recommended by APA consists of five levels (American Psychological Association, 2010a, p. 62). This document contains two levels to demonstrate how headings are structured according to APA style. Immediately before the previous paragraph, a Level 1 heading was used. That section heading describes how a Level 1 heading should be written, which is centered, bold, and using uppercase and lowercase letters. For another example, see the section heading “Writing an Effective Introduction” on page 3 of this document. The heading is APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 5 centered, bold, and uses uppercase and lowercase letters (compared to all uppercase in the running head at the top of each page). If used properly, section headings can significantly contribute to the quality of a paper by helping the reader who wants to understand the information in the document, and the author who desires to effectively describe the information in the document. Section Headings Help the Reader Section headings serve multiple purposes including (a) helping readers understand what is being addressed in each section, (b) breaking up text to help readers maintain an interest in the paper, and (c) helping readers choose what they want to read. For example, if the reader of this document wants to learn more about writing an effective introduction, the previous section heading clearly states that is where information can be found. When subtopics are needed to explain concepts in greater detail, different levels of headings are used according to APA style. Section Headings Help the Author Section headings do not only help the reader, they help the author organize the document during the writing process. Section headings can be used to arrange topics in a logical order, and they can help an author manage the length of the paper. In addition to an effective introduction and the use of section headings, each paragraph of an academic paper can be written in a manner that helps the reader stay engaged. Capella University promotes the use of the MEAL plan to serve this purpose. The MEAL Plan The MEAL plan is a model used by Capella University to help learners effectively compose academic discussions and papers. Each component of the MEAL plan is critical to writing an effective paragraph. The acronym MEAL is based on four components of a paragraph APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 6 (M = Main point, E = Evidence or Example, A = Analysis, and L = Link). The following section includes a detailed description and examples of each component of the MEAL plan.History of Nursing

When writing the content sections of an academic paper (as opposed to the introduction or conclusion sections), the MEAL plan can be an effective model for designing each paragraph. A paragraph begins with a description of the main point, which is represented by the letter “M” of the MEAL plan. For example, the first sentence of this paragraph clearly states the main point is a discussion of the MEAL plan. Once the main point has been made, evidence and examples can be provided. The second component of a paragraph contains evidence or examples, which is represented by the letter “E” in the MEAL plan. An example of this component of the MEAL plan is actually (and ironically) this sentence, which provides an example of an example. Evidence can be in the form of expert opinions from research. History of Nursing

For example, evidence shows that plagiarism can occur even when it is not intended if sources are not properly cited (Marsh, Landau, & Hicks, 1997; Walker, 2008). The previous sentence provides evidence supporting why evidence is used in a paragraph. Analysis, which is represented by the letter “A” of the MEAL plan, should be based on the author’s interpretation of the evidence. An effective analysis might include a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments, as well as the author’s interpretations of the evidence and examples. If a quote is used, the author will likely provide an analysis of the quote and the specific point it makes for the author’s position. Without an analysis, the reader might not understand why the author discussed the information that the reader just read. For example, the previous sentence was an analysis by the author of why an analysis is performed when writing paragraphs in academic papers. APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 7 Even with the first three elements of the MEAL plan, it would not be complete without the final component. The letter “L” of the MEAL plan refers to information that “links” the current and the subsequent paragraphs. The link helps the reader understand what will be discussed in the next paragraph. It summarizes the author’s reasoning and shows how the paragraph fits together and leads (that is, links) into the next section of the paper. For example, this sentence might explain that once the MEAL plan has been effectively used when writing the body of an academic paper, the final section is the summary and conclusion section. History of Nursing

Summary and Conclusion A summary and conclusion section, which can also be the discussion section of an APA style paper, is the final opportunity for the author to make a lasting impression on the reader. The author can begin by restating opinions or positions and summarizing the most important points that have been presented in the paper. For example, this paper was written to demonstrate to readers how to effectively use APA style when writing academic papers. Various components of an APA style paper that were discussed or displayed in the form of examples include a running head, title page, introduction section, levels of section headings and their use, in-text citations, the MEAL plan, a conclusion, and the reference list. APA STYLE PAPER TEMPLATE 8 References American Psychological Association. (2010a). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychological Association. (2010b). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx Marsh, R. L., Landau, J. D., & Hicks, J. L. (1997). Contributions of inadequate source monitoring to unconscious plagiarism during idea generation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(4), 886–897. doi: 10.1037/02787393.23.4.886 Walker, A. L. (2008). Preventing unintentional plagiarism: A method for strengthening paraphrasing skills. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 35(4), 387–395. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213904438?accountid=27965 Always begin a reference list on a new page. Use a hanging indent after the first line of each reference. The reference list is in alphabetical order by first author’s last name. History of Nursing

A reference list only contains sources that are cited in the body of the paper, and all sources cited in the body of the paper must be contained in the reference list. The reference list above contains an example of how to cite a source when two documents are written in the same year by the same author. The year is also displayed using this method for the corresponding in-text citations as in the next sentence. The author of the first citation (American Psychological Association, 2010a) is also the publisher, therefore, the word “Author” is used in place of the publisher’s name. When a digital object identifier (DOI) is available for a journal article, it should be placed at the end of the citation. If a DOI is not available, a uniform resource locator (URL) should be used. The Marsh, Landau, and Hicks (1997) reference is an example of how to cite a source using a DOI. The Walker (2008) reference is an example of how to cite a source using a URL. 8/9/2019 The History of Nursing Education Scoring Guide The History of Nursing Education Scoring Guide CRITERIA NON-PERFORMANCE BASIC PROFICIENT DISTINGUISHED Explain historical influences Does not explain historical on nursing and nursing influences on nursing and education. nursing education. Identifies but does not explain historical influences on nursing and nursing education. History of Nursing

Explains historical influences on nursing and nursing education. Analyzes the influence of historical events on nursing and nursing education environment, and ensures the analysis includes areas where more information is necessary. Analyze trends that may impact the future of nursing and nursing education. Does not analyze trends that may impact the future of nursing and nursing education. Identifies but does not analyze trends that may impact the future of nursing and nursing education. Analyzes trends that may impact the future of nursing and nursing education. Analyzes trends that may impact the future of nursing and nursing education, and ensures the analysis summarizes how those trends relate back to key historical events. Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics, and correctly format citations using APA format. Does not write clearly or logically, or with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics, and does not correctly format citations using APA format. Commits notable errors in logic, spelling, grammar, punctuation, or mechanics, or displays notable errors in APA citation style. History of Nursing

Writes clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics, and correctly format citations using APA format. Writes clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics; correctly format citations using APA style; and ensures the flow of paper and tone of writing meet the standard required for peer-reviewed publications within the field. https://courserooma.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/MSN-FP/MSN- History of Nursing FP6103/181000/Scoring_Guides/u01a1_scoring_guide.html 1/1 8/9/2019 Transcript Pri nt C re dits TIMELINE OF EDUCATION AND NURSING 1100s Salerno, Italy became a center for healing in Europe and a midwifery school was opened for women. 1183-1190 Knights Templar and Knights of the Teutonic Order (predominately male) began as nursing orders. 1300-1650 Considered to be the Dark Ages of nursing. Public nursing responsibilities fell to “women of lesser repute,” in particular prostitutes and prisoners. Male nursing orders began to decrease. By 1500, religious orders comprised mainly of women provided the majority of nursing care. 1633 Founding of the Sisters/Daughters of Charity, Servants of the Sick Poor by St. Vincent de Paul and Louise de Merillac. Sisters provided nursing care to the poor in their homes and on the street. 1635 First U.S. Latin grammar school is established (Boston Latin School) designed for sons of “certain social classes” intended for leadership positions. First “free school” established in Virginia. Most education in the southern U.S. colonies was provided by parents to tutors at home. 1636 Harvard University is founded as the rst institution of higher education in the 13 colonies. 1640 Henry Dunster is rst president of Harvard University and he teaches all of the courses himself. 1645 media.capella.edu/CourseMedia/MSN6103/timelineEducationNursing/timeline_ts.html 1/13 8/9/2019 Transcript Jeanne Mance established the rst hospital, l”Hotel de Montreal in North America. 1654-1660 Sisters of Charity care for sick and wounded on battle elds at Sedan and Arras in France. Over 40 houses of the Sisters of Charity exist in France and several other counties providing care for the sick in their own homes. 1660-1666 The Great Plague of London 1662-1665 John Graunt publishes Natural and Political Observations made Upon the Bills of Morality bubonic plague which uses demographic analysis from London to create a system to track and predict the spread of disease. 1690 The rst edition of the New England Primer is printed in Boston. It becomes the most widely-used school book in New England. 1698 First publically supported library in U.S. is opened in Charles Town, South Carolina. 1751 Benjamin Franklin helps the establishment of the rst “English Academy” in Philadelphia (ultimately becomes the University of Pennsylvania). 1754 French and Indian War 1775 Revolutionary War begins 1779 Jame …History of Nursing