Homework: Peripheral vascular disease Paper.
Homework: Peripheral vascular disease Paper.
Respond to Marlys Oliver post with two references. Describe and discuss one of the latest research on peripheral vascular disease and the latest ASSESSMENT and client teaching in the prevention of this major body system.Peripheral vascular disease is a blood circulation disorder that can happen in arteries or veins outside the heart or the brain, causing the blood vessels to narrow, block, or spam and causing blood flow to decrease. Common symptoms include fatigue and pain, usually in the legs while exercising, and improvement with rest (Marcin, 2018).
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The most common cause of PVD is the buildup of plaque inside the artery wall, known as atherosclerosis. Blood clots that can be formed in the artery wall block off the major arteries by decreasing the blood vessel\’s inner size. The treatment goal is restoring blood flow and preventing disease progression.According to Peripheral Vascular Disease 2021, patients with the highest risk will be: patients over 50 years old, patients with heart conditions, usually male patients, women in the postmenopausal stage of life, and people with a family history of hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, and high cholesterol. Modifiable risk includes hyperglycemia, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, overweight and physical inactivity.The most common test used to diagnose PVD includes an X-ray of the arteries and veins to detect blockage or narrowing, called an angiogram. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) compares the blood pressure in the ankle with the blood pressure in the arm using a regular blood pressure cuff and a Doppler ultrasound device. Doppler ultrasound flow studies using high-frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. Doppler ultrasound flow studies use high-frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. Magnetic resonance angiography. The treadmill exercise test uses to monitor blood circulation during exercise. Photoplethysmography (PPG) similar to the brachial-ankle index. Pulse volume recording (PVR) waveform analysis and Pulse volume recording (PVR) waveform analysis, which is similar to an ABI (Peripheral Vascular Disease, 2021).Assessment of peripheral vascular disease
Assessment for the peripheral vascular disease includes obtaining pertinent information from the patient by asking if there are any leg pain or cramps present and the location of the pain, asking the patient to describe the type of pain (in case of pain) and if it gets worse when the patient walks or do any activities. Ask the patient if there is any history of vascular problems, a heart condition, history of diabetes or hypertension, obesity, etc. Find out if the patient had noticed any swelling in the arms or legs, any lymph nodes enlargement, and which medications a patient took. It is essential to obtain a history of smoking since Tobacco smoking can cause arteries to spasm and constrict, decreasing blood flow to the extremities.Inspect arms and legs for skin color. Palpate to check for temperature, texture, turgor of the skin. Check for a capillary refill. Palpate radial, ulnar, and brachial pulses in both arms. Check for the epitrochlear lymph nodes through palpation; these nodes typically are not palpable. Check for tenderness while flexing the patient\’s knees and gently compress the calf against the tibia; no tender should be present. Assess the inguinal lymph nodes. Palpate peripheral arteries bilateral, including femoral, popliteal, dorsalis, pedis, and posterior tibial (Jarvis, 2020).
Patient TeachingCheck the feet often. Always look for any change in coloration on the skin, any blisters or cuts, check for any red spots, ingrown toenails, etc. Wash your feet regularly and dry them carefully. Keep\’s toenail trimmed. Keep yourself active. Never be barefoot. Keep the skin on your foot soft and smooth (Jarvis, 2020).On pages 633 and 634 of Jarvis book, how do you correlate these assessment findings in preventing and managing stroke. What are the latest assessment and treatments in managing stroke?A stroke is the disruption of the blood supply to a part of the brain, resulting in a sign of loss of brain function.
In the United States is the 5th most common cause of death. According to Jarvis 2020, evidence from more than 180 countries worldwide for over more than 20 years of data collection demonstrated that 90% of the stroke burden was due to modifiable risk factors. That is why it\’s essential while assessing a patient to find out a tobacco smoking history, diet, and physical activity, also accessing for metabolic factors as finding out if the patient has high blood pressure, obesity, hyperglycemia, high cholesterol. A stroke doesn\’t occur most of the time by managing and controlling modifying risk factors and baseline conditions.
When assessing a patient for an acute phase of stroke, it\’s important to check for changes in the level of consciousness or responsiveness; check for voluntary or involuntary movement of the extremities; neck stiffness or flaccidity; check the eyes if both open and compare the size of the pupils and the reaction to light; the ability to speak; check the blood pressure, etc. (Belleza, 2021).
Treatment in managing strokes include controlling high blood pressure; hypertension can increase a stroke\’s risk by two to four times. Maintain a healthy lifestyle by having a healthy weight, not smoking, following a healthy diet, daily exercise. Also, teaching the patients how to control heart disorders like atrial fibrillation, a risk factor for strokes (Jarvis, 2020)
You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.
Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.
Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.
The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.
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Discussion Questions (DQ)
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Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.
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Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
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Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
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I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.
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I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.
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Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
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The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
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Homework: Peripheral vascular disease Paper.