Human Growth and Development Essay 6

Research paper of Human Growth and Development, Chapter 2- Module 2.2. This project has to be done in APA style and it will be evaluated in Turnitin. Due day 11/22/2020. I attached two power points with summaries and photos from the book

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LO 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

Infertility

Inability to conceive after trying 12 to 18 months

About 15 percent of couples will have problems

Causes

Age of parents

Previous use of birth control, illicit drugs, or cigarettes

Men who have low sperm count

Woman’s mother taking certain drugs during pregnancy

Most common cause: Failure to ovulate

Figure 2-11: Older Women and Risks of Pregnancy

Not only does the rate of infertility increase as women get older, but the risk of chromosomal abnormality also increases.

Source: Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, 2002.

Pregnancy Problems (2 of 4)

LO 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

Infertility

Treatments

Artificial insemination

Intracervical insemination (ICI)

Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Sometimes a surrogate mother used

Pregnancy rates as high as 48 percent; live births lower

Ethical considerations

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION is a process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a physician. The most common type is intracervical insemination.

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) is a procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory.

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) are procedures in which an egg and sperm or fertilized egg are implanted in a woman’s fallopian tubes.

IVF is becoming more successful, with pregnancy rates as high as 48 percent for women under age 35.

Actual live births are less than pregnancy rates because not all pregnancies ultimately result in birth.

Surrogate mother is a woman who agrees to carry the child to term; may be used in cases where the mother is unable to conceive.

Ethical issues include the use of surrogate mothers, in vitro fertilization, and sex selection techniques

Pregnancy Problems (3 of 4)

LO 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

Miscarriage and Abortion

Miscarriage is spontaneous abortion

Pregnancy ends before child is viable

15 to 20 percent of pregnancies end in miscarriage

Many times mother not aware of pregnancy

Usually due to genetic abnormality

Women who suffer miscarriages experience anxiety, depression, and grief

Depression rates for women who have had a miscarriage remain high

Pregnancy Problems (4 of 4)

LO 2.8 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

Miscarriage and Abortion

Abortion is voluntary termination of pregnancy

About one in five pregnancies end in abortion worldwide

Decision to abort is difficult

Physical, psychological, legal and ethical issues may arise

The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development (1 of 5)

LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done about them.

Teratogen: Environmental agent such as virus or chemical that produces a birth defect

Impact of teratogens depend on when they occur

Different organ systems are vulnerable at different times

Mother’s Diet

Important in supporting development of fetus

High-nutrient diet leads to fewer complications

Diet is immense concern worldwide

Figure 2-12: Teratogen Sensitivity

Depending on their state of development, some parts of the body vary in their sensitivity to teratogens.

Source: Moore, 1974.

The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development (2 of 5)

LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done about them.Human Growth and Development Essay 6

Mother’s Age

Mothers over 30 have greater risk of complications:

Premature birth

Low birth weight

Down syndrome

Infant mortality

Mother’s Health

Illness can cause devastating consequences:

Rubella

Chicken pox

Syphilis and gonorrhea

AIDS

Mental health

Rubella (German measles) prior to the 11th week can cause blindness, deafness, heart defects, or brain damage.

Chicken pox and mumps may cause birth defects and miscarriage, respectively.

Syphilis and gonorrhea can be transmitted to the child.

Babies born with AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) can have birth abnormalities including small, misshapen faces, protruding lips, and brain deterioration.

A mother’s mental health can affect her children. For example, if the mother suffers from clinical depression while she is pregnant, the development of her children might be negatively affected.

The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development (3 of 5)

LO 2.9 Describe the threats to the fetal environment and what can be done about them.

Mother’s Drug Use

Legal and illegal drugs pose risk

Legal drugs

Aspirin can lead to fatal bleeding

DES later caused cervical and vaginal cancer in daughters