Infectious and Communicable Diseases

Chapter 14: Risk of Infectious and Communicable Diseases Chapter Highlights ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ Infectious versus communicable disease Outbreak investigation: person, place, time Healthcare‐associated infections Public health surveillance Foodborne and waterborne illnesses Sexually transmitted diseases Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Question #1 Is the following statement true or false? A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Answer to Question #1 True Rationale: A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Infectious Disease ❖ Presence and replication of an infectious agent in the tissues of a host, with manifestation of signs and symptoms ❖ Pathogenicity—ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Communicable Disease ❖ For a disease to be communicable, or contagious, there must be a portal of exit from the infected person (or animal), a means of transmission, and a portal of entry to a susceptible host. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection #1 ❖ Agent

❖ Host o Portals of entry and exit o Incubation period Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection #2 ❖ Environment: Reservoir ❖ Transmission o Airborne o Direct o Indirect o Droplet Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Carrier A person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Colonization The presence and multiplication of infectious organisms without invading or causing damage to tissue Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Incubation Period Time period between initial contact with the infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Question #2 Is the following statement true or false? An infectious disease is not contagious or communicable. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Answer to Question #2 False Rationale: An infectious disease may or may not be contagious or communicable. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Question #3 Is the following statement true or false? Epidemic is the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Answer to Question #3 False Rationale: Endemic—the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area. Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Outbreak Investigation

❖ Establishing the existence of an outbreak

❖ Describing cases by person, place, and time Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Types of Outbreaks ❖ Endemic—the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area ❖ Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Healthcare‐Associated Infections Nurses play an important role in the prevention of healthcare‐associated infection and represent the first line of defense for such adverse outcomes. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Public Health Surveillance Surveillance—a continual dynamic method for gathering data about the health of the general public for the purpose of primary prevention of illness Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Specific Communicable Diseases Foodborne diseases ❖ Noroviruses ❖ Campylobacter infection ❖ Listeria monocytogenes ❖ Nontyphoid Salmonella ❖ Escherichia coli O157:H7 Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Waterborne Diseases ❖ Waterborne diseases associated with drinking/potable water ❖ Waterborne diseases associated with recreational water Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Question #4 Is the following statement true or false? The CDC reports indicate that more than one‐fourth of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.

Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Answer to Question #4 False Rationale: The CDC reports indicate that more than one‐third of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Sexually Transmitted Diseases

❖ Chlamydia ❖ Gonorrhea ❖ Syphilis ❖ Human Papillomavirus ❖ Human Immunodeficiency Virus ❖ Herpes Simplex Virus ❖ Hepatitis viruses Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Prevention and Control of Specific Infectious Diseases ❖ Foodborne diseases ❖ Waterborne diseases ❖ Sexually transmitted infections Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved CDC ❖ Provides an effective system for STD prevention to assist community/public health professionals in the design, implementation, and evaluation of STD prevention and control programs Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Chapter 15: Emerging Infectious Diseases Chapter Highlights ❖ Emerging versus reemerging infectious diseases ❖ Factors that influence the emergence/reemergence of infectious diseases ❖ Recent emerging/reemerging infectious diseases ❖ Prevention and control of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases ❖ Reemergence of vaccine‐preventable diseases Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer ·

All Rights Reserved Question #1 Is the following statement true or false? Factors that influence the emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases are multiple, complex, and interrelated. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Answer to Question #1 True Rationale: Factors that influence the emergence or reemergence of infectious diseases are multiple, complex, and interrelated. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Emerging Infectious Disease ❖ A newly identified clinically distinct infectious disease or the reappearance (or reemergence) of a known infectious disease after its decline with an incidence that is increasing in a certain geographic area or in a specific population Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Factors That Influence Emerging Infectious Diseases ❖ Microbial adaptation and change ❖ Human susceptibility to infection

❖ Climate, changing ecosystems, and human behavior ❖ Travel, technology, and industry ❖ Lack of political will and breakdown of public health infrastructure Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Question #2 Is the following statement true or false? Epidemics and pandemics can place long‐term demands on healthcare systems. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Answer to

Question #2 False Rationale: Epidemics and pandemics can place sudden and intense demands on healthcare systems. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Recent Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases #1 ❖ Severe acute respiratory syndrome ❖ MERS‐CoV ❖ Avian influenza ❖ H1N1 Influenza ❖ Novel Avian influenza A ❖ West Nile virus Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Recent Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases #2 ❖ Lyme disease ❖ E. Coli 0157:H7 ❖ Tuberculosis ❖ Ebola virus disease ❖ Zika virus disease Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Question #3 Is the following statement true or false? Certain zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans through contact with zoo animals. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Answer to Question #3 False Rationale: Certain zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans through contact with animals and birds. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Reemerging Vaccine‐Preventable Diseases ❖ Measles ❖ Mumps ❖ Rubella ❖ Pertussis Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Antibiotic‐Resistant Microorganisms #1 ❖ Urgent threats o Clostridium difficile o Carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae o Neisseria gonorrhoeae ❖ Serious threats ❖ Concerning threats Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Antibiotic‐Resistant Microorganisms #2 ❖ Urgent threats ❖ Serious threats ❖ Concerning threats Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · Infectious and Communicable Diseases

All Rights Reserved Question #4 Is the following statement true or false? Outbreaks of emerging and reemerging infections can disrupt economic activity and development. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved Answer to Question #4 True In addition to morbidity and mortality, outbreaks of emerging and reemerging infections can disrupt economic activity and development. Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved … Infectious and Communicable Diseases