Mental health and substance abuse

1 Nursing Four Research Paper Name Dr. Furco/ Professor Donohoe NURS 250 Department of Nursing, Morrisville State College Due date 2 Abstract Mental health and substance abuse affect many individuals’ lives and are among the most prevailing issues in many societies. In this paper, the significant causes and factors that lead to substance abuse are discussed, along with the necessary interventions to control substance abuse on the national and state or county levels. The early signs and symptoms of substance abuse and addiction are also discussed for diagnosis and therapy. Enduring mental health problems are also discussed to evaluate the possible causes and triggers. The duties of health care providers are also outlined in this paper. The role of nurses in managing these issues is critical, and needs are to be taken under consideration for making effective public health policies and practice implications. This paper reviews evidence and statistical data available in the U.S., New York state, and Oneida county to assess the demands and needs in health promotion, the necessary primary, secondary and tertiary interventions to effectively decrease the rate and risk of diseases and threats to health. Primary interventions are done to reduce the probability of the development of disease. Secondary interventions aim to decrease the burden and impact of malignancy that has already affected society. Tertiary interventions are essential in managing the ongoing disease that has long-lasting adverse effects. 3 Nursing Research Paper A mental health issue is a broad term used to cover a range of disorders altering an individual’s perspective, perception, behaviors, and emotions. Mental health and substance abuse

These disorders include anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and behavioral disorders mostly in children, emotional disorders, depression, eating disorders, paranoia, bipolar disorder, dissociative disorders, psychosis, schizophrenia, post-traumatic disorder, and mania. Mental health issues can arise from many factors, and these factors are usually not acknowledged by people. If people are well aware of these possible triggers, they can protect themselves and the people around them from consequences. The primary trigger is persistent stress since every person has some ongoing problem causing stress, but most people are not aware of the importance of keeping stress in check. Daily life issues and daily life stress may profoundly impact a person’s mind, leading him down the road to mental disorders. The symptoms associated with these conditions include changes in sleep; insomnia or excessive sleep, changes in appetite; total loss of appetite or overeating, social withdrawal, dramatic mood changes commonly called mood swings, loss of interest in activities that the person used to enjoy, problems in concentrating and memorizing things which impart adverse effects on performance, be it student’s annual result or an adult’s job performance. A person must have an idea and basic knowledge of these symptoms to assess their current mental health and seek help at once if any symptom is experienced. Early interventions and preventive screenings are also essential to detect the signs and symptoms of any age group. Substance abuse is another prevalent ailment in many societies, and the populations at most risk are teenagers and young adults. Awareness regarding the ultimate physical and psychological consequences of substance abuse is needed in many societies. Parents should also be able to detect and notice early signs 4 of substance abuse in their kids. These signs include revolting attitude, loss of interest in their hobbies, leaving old friends for new friends group, more sleeping, sudden weight-loss, unexplained nose bleeding, watery or swelled eyes, and tremors. Some behavioral signs can also be observed by the parents, like avoiding eye contact, asking for money more than normal, irresponsible behavior, isolation, and sudden lack of interest in homework. These signs and symptoms are essential for personal assessment and for assessing people around to seek help at an early stage as mental health disorders are difficult to manage and more difficult to treat. The outcome of substance abuse is death either by overdose or other adverse effects. Addiction management and withdrawal are one of the most challenging fields for health practitioners. Different types of therapies can avoid this if people have basic information about the triggers and signs. Statistics For the management and treatment of mental health issues, the most important thing is the availability of health care providers in that state or county. Mental health and substance abuse

People belonging to any socio-economic class can suffer from mental and emotional illness. The biggest challenge is the provision of health care services to the underprivileged. It is also observed that people belonging to a deprived class have other comorbidities, which worsen their condition. Poor behavioral health problems are also prevalent in many societies. These include alcoholism, smoking, and drug abuse. These poor behavioral health problems might also lead to mental illness or may cause aggravation of minor symptoms into chronic persistent conditions. With the increasing number of patients, the state’s economy will gradually fall as fewer people would work correctly. The availability of mental health providers in Oneida County and New York State is discussed, along with the number of inpatients and outpatients requiring 5 medical attention. The availability of health providers remains a significant issue in Central New York. Oneida County has a comparatively lower availability of mental health providers than the State of New York. 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1 2 3 Source: County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, www.countyhealthrankings.org There is a shortage of health care facilities for mental illness in Oneida County, and local hospitals provide health care facilities to patients with mental illness. For children, The Mohawk Valley Center is present to offer services like intensive case management, rehabilitation, residential services, family care, and transitional living center. Unluckily, The Mohawk Valley Center had to close its two wards, and while one ward having 24 beds was relocated to Hutchings Psychiatric Center in Syracuse, New York. Due to these closures, Oneida requires funds and support to provide health care to mental illness patients. Patients in need of emergency medical attention have to seek help from outside Oneida. 6 These reports from the CDC are estimated based on parent reports, using nationally representative surveys. The occurrence of depression, anxiety, and behavior disorders are highest during the age span of 12-17 years; therefore, this span is regarded as most crucial. The frequency of behavioral disorders like misbehaving and breaking rules attitude is more prevalent among smaller children aged 3-5. The data provides the number of health care providers who can offer behavioral health services to children and adolescents from age 0-17 in New York State. 7 New York 250 200 150 100 50 0 New York Another prevalent ailment is substance abuse among adolescents. Many programs have 8 been launched to reduce substance abuse and suspend the distribution of drugs. Changing community policies, school policies, and public awareness programs by offering training and education to youth and parents about signs and side effects of substance abuse need to be emphasized. This is because substance abuse is one of the major causes of mental health illness. Health Promotion To improve well-being, the advancement of health, counteraction of illness, hindrance, inability, and sickness treatment are required. Notwithstanding, the estimations of psychological wellness advancement and disease counteraction have been undervalued more than those of actual well-being to date concerning emotional well-being (Min JA, 2013). There are mainly three aspects of health promotion; primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary 9 prevention focuses on various determinants in the whole population or the high-risk group. Secondary prevention comprises early detection and intervention. There are tertiary prevention targets for reducing relapse risk and more advancement in recovery (Min JA, 2013). Secondary interventions are done when the malignancy or ailment is already present in the society, but measures are taken for early detection and measures. Tertiary interventions target the final cure and recovery along with reducing risks of recurrent diseases. Mental illness is often first diagnosed and developed during the period of childhood and adolescence. Indeed, half of an individual’s lifetime mental illness starts at age 14 (Polly Gipson, 2012). At an early age, the development of the brain is an ongoing process. Many of the physiological changes occur, some of which might not happen as intended leading to abnormal functioning in the brain. Some mental disorders develop with age, particularly in early teens. During this development period, behavioral, emotional, or physical traumas affect them most; therefore, this age group is most vulnerable. Among those aged 10-24 years, mental illness is one of the leading causes of years lost due to disability, contributing to about 45% of disability-adjusted life-years (Erskine et al., 2015). The Healthy People (HP) 2030 Objective can be achieved by taking early interventions to ensure adolescents’ physical and mental health as it is the most vulnerable yet developing phase of a person’s life. This will ultimately improve the overall health and well-being of U.S. citizens and help them work to their full potential and achieve maximum goals. Health Belief Model Well-being conduct theories, explicitly the health belief model, stages of change, and theory of planned behavior, center around individuals′ convictions, their preparation to change, their impression of ailment seriousness and “danger,” their view of critical others′ 10 mentalities toward disease and treatment, and their social goals to change. These build the importance for understanding self-destructive individuals′ practices identified with treatment use and for understanding social varieties in these practices (Polly Gipson, 2012). First, individuals must believe they are at risk for a health problem or associated negative outcome or perceived susceptibility. To take the recommended action or seek treatment, perceived severity must be above average for an individual. In tandem, the individual’s levels of perceived susceptibility and severity are conceptualized as the overall perceived threat (Janz et al., 2002).To make this successful and adhere the patient to the recommendation, it is essential to make him/her believe that this is beneficial. However, possible barriers and weighing pros and cons to assess cost-benefit analysis are a part of the decision-making process. Another essential element in the HBM is an individual’s “readiness to change” or cues to action (Polly Gipson, 2012). Taking everything into account, the individual decides whether to engage in a behavior, such as treatment linkage or adherence. Mental health and substance abuse

A person may also make an appraisal thinking of their capabilities or self-efficacy; he/she is to conduct the recommendations given the barriers. In this regard, a nurse’s duties or roles could be a proper assessment of the patient as a nurse is the first health care provider to come in contact with the patient. It is imperative to develop a sense of trust with the patient. Young adults and children are sometimes intimidated by physicians, so it is vital to maintain a comfortable environment for them, especially for patients with mental illness or at risk of it. Initiatives The sober communities (DFC) program may be a nationwide effort, led by the workplace of National Drug management Policy (ONDCP) united with the centers for Illness Management and Interference (CDC) to produce funding and support to community 11 coalitions in their work to forestall and scale back youth substance use. To establish and strengthen the collaboration among communities, DFC has set goals. Personal NGO agencies, public agencies, and federal, state, native and social group governments support community coalitions’ operation to forestall and scale back youth substance use. Reducing substance use among youth by addressing the factors in an exceedingly ailing community will promote factors that minimize risk for substance use. The National Register of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices and Searchable Register by the Federal Drug Abuse and Mental State Services Administration (SAMHSA) have 280 interventions supporting mental state promotion and drug abuse treatment. Infancy Home Visitation is a program of the Federal Centers for Unwellness Management and Bar. Trained personnel visit folks and youngsters’ throughout a child’s initial two years of life to produce info, support, or coaching regarding kid health, development, and care. Visits could also be initiated throughout the physiological condition and may continue when a child’s second birthday occurs. Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is a behaviorally-based system approach from the U.S. Workplace of Education Programs to reinforce colleges, families, and communities’ capability to style effective environments that improve the link between research-validated practices. In other words, the environments during which teaching and learning occur. The main focus of attention is channeled towards creating and sustaining primary school-wide secondary classrooms and tertiary individual supportive systems that help improve living standards such as personal, health, social, family, work, recreation for all youngsters and youth. This is accomplished by targeting behaviors deemed as less effective, economical, and relevant. Roles of the Nurse 12 The primary role of the nurse for achieving the goal is the provision of clinically effective preventions. Nurses with advanced communication skills will develop a sense of security and trust with patients suffering from acute or chronic mental illness. With complete attention to detail and deep analysis, the nurse can assess the patient’s state to avoid possible triggers while taking the patient history. For early intervention programs, nurses can effectively counsel young adults about the consequences and hazards of substance abuse that may lead to mental illness development. They can also detect any sign or symptom in these counseling programs, which will help detect and treat emerging disorders. Conclusion Mental illness in adolescents is one of the most challenging and prevalent ailments in New York State. It is a broader term used to refer to several psychiatric disorders collectively. Some of these are very common with early signs and symptoms. Education about these disorders and awareness are needed to help people acknowledge these disorders developing in them or people around them. In this paper, the early sign and symptoms have been discussed that are beneficial for parents to observe and detect any warning signs in their children or teenagers. These can also be avoided or halted at an early stage by preventive screening and interventions. These could be with the help of counseling programs in schools or colleges to tell students about the hazards of substance abuse and addiction. The outcomes of substance abuse must be told to young adults. The most vulnerable time for a person is their adolescence because of brain development. Therefore any trauma or injury can cause severe outcomes and might turn into chronic mental disorders. Despite measures taken to halt the increasing rate of mental illness among adolescents, further programs, schemes, and funding by the government are needed to ensure access and availability of health care 13 services to people belonging to any socio-economic group. A nurse is the first health care provider to come in contact with the patient; therefore, strong communication skills are essential to assess the condition of the patient and make the patient comfortable with the environment. 14 Mental health and substance abuse

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