NU560-Week3 Discussion Belmont Report’s principles
NU560-Week3 Discussion Belmont Report’s principles
Ethical research is essential for creating evidence-based practices for nursing. Adams and Callahan (n.d.) explain the Belmont Report’s principles: respect for autonomy, beneficence, and justice. These aspects are essential for conducting all research. For full autonomy to be present, an individual must understand all aspects of the research study, make a reasoned judgment about the effect participation will have on them, and choose to participate free from coercion. Beneficence holds researchers accountable to do good and to cause no harm. The risks of harm to a study’s participants should be minimized while benefits are maximized. Justice occurs when those who participate in research should benefit from the studies performed and with an equitable selection of selected subjects. Whether it be of clinical or educational background, all research should adhere to the same standards of ethics.
Unfortunately, most ethical and moral research standards came to be after historical events that disregarded and violated human subjects. An example of this occurs in Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1932. Research from Gray et al. (2017, p. 159) outlines the study in full. Six hundred black men were placed in two groups: 400 with untreated syphilis and 200 without syphilis. Consent was not obtained from all participants, and many were not informed of the study’s full scope or even aware they were in a study. The research study continued for 40 years, and the health of the men with untreated syphilis suffered, with many dying. Even then, treatment was never given to those in the syphilis group. Risks to participants were not minimized in this study; instead, participation increased risks. The participants were an extremely vulnerable population, disadvantaged black men living in a rural setting.
Gray et al. (2017, p. 162) explain the HIPAA Privacy Rule as a policy that ensures individuals’ protected health information (PHI) is not used in situations that put their information at risk. In clinical practice, the plan guarantees that those with access to PHI do not distribute it, intentionally or unintentionally. In research, the rule applies when the study is conducted in a healthcare facility that accesses and collects PHI.
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You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.
Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.
Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.
The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.