NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Week 5: Endocrine System Disorders and the Treatment of Diabetes

The endocrine system includes eight major glands throughout the body which affect such things as growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, and mood (National Institutes of Health). Some of the most commonly diagnosed endocrine disorders include hypothyroidism, diabetes, and Hashimoto’s disease. Not surprisingly, treating any one endocrine disorder may have effects on other body systems or their functions. As an advanced practice nurse, treating patients who may suffer from endocrine disorders requires an acute understanding of the structure and function of the endocrine system. Additionally, a solid understanding of patient factors and behaviors will assist in developing the best drug therapy plans possible to treat your patients. Some of most commonly diagnosed endocrine disorders include

This week, you differentiate the types of diabetes and examine the impact of diabetes drugs on patients. You also evaluate alternative drug treatments and patient education strategies for diabetes management. NURS 6521N Week 5: Endocrine System Disorders

Reference: National Institutes of Health. (n. d.). National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders. Endocrine diseases. Retrieved July 3, 2019 from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases

Learning Objectives NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Students will:

Differentiate types of diabetes
Evaluate the impact of diabetes drugs on patients
Evaluate alternative drug treatments and patient education strategies for diabetes management

Learning Resources – NURS 6521N Week 5: Endocrine System Disorders

Discussion: Diabetes and Drug Treatments

Each year, 1.5 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2019). If left untreated, diabetic patients are at risk for several alterations, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, neuropathy, and blindness. There are various methods for treating diabetes, many of which include some form of drug therapy. The type of diabetes as well as the patient’s behavior factors will impact treatment recommendations.

For this Discussion, you compare types of diabetes, including drug treatments for type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.

Reference: American Diabetes Association. (2019). Statistics about diabetes. Retrieved from http://diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/

To Prepare

Review the Resources for this module and reflect on differences between types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.
Select one type of diabetes to focus on for this Discussion.
Consider one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Then, reflect on dietary considerations related to treatment.
Think about the short-term and long-term impact of the diabetes you selected on patients, including effects of drug treatments. NURS 6521N Week 5: Endocrine System Disorders

By Day 3 of Week 5

Post a brief explanation of the differences between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. Describe one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Be sure to include dietary considerations related to treatment. Then, explain the short-term and long-term impact of this type of diabetes on patients. including effects of drug treatments. Be specific and provide examples.

Discussion Sample Approach- NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Diabetes is among the most prevalent chronic conditions in the United States, and 1.5 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2019). The condition is serious, and if left untreated diabetic patients are at risk for several alterations, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, neuropathy, and blindness. In this effect, various intervention measures are available for treating diabetes, mostly comprising of drug therapy. Treatment recommendations for diabetes take into account both the patient’s behavior as well as the type of diabetes. To highlight types of diabetes and drug treatment, the discussion outlines a comparison of types of diabetes, including drug treatments for type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes.

Differences Between Types of Diabetes, Including Type 1, Type 2, Gestational, And Juvenile Diabetes

According to Rosenthal and Burchum (2019), there are two main forms of diabetes mellitus, which include type 1 diabetes mellitus (often abbreviated as T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Even though both types of diabetes have similar signs and symptoms, the major differences between them are noted in etiology, prevalence treatments, illness severity, and deaths. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

The major distinguishing factor between T1DM and T2DM is evident in the age of onset with type 1 occurring during childhood or adolescence, while type 2 is noted among adults aged 40 and older. Other characteristics of T1DM are that the speed of onset is abrupt; there is frequently negative family history of diabetes, unlike type 2, where family history is mostly present. T1DM also has a low prevalence at less than 5% of the population, unlike type 2, whereby 90-95% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Notably, diabetes accounts for about 5% of all diabetes cases. Between 1.2 million and 2.4 million Americans have this disorder (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2019). Juvenile diabetes is typically T1DM and usually appears in childhood and adolescence. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Further, gestational diabetes is described as diabetes that appears in the pregnant patient in the course of pregnancy but subsides rapidly once the baby is delivered. The management of gestational diabetes is similar to other types of diabetes, and the interventions available include blood glucose monitoring and control with insulin and diet. In most instances, gestational diabetes disappears almost immediately following delivery permitting the discontinuation of insulin (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2019). NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Drug Treatment for Diabetes

Various pharmacological interventions are available for diabetes, and these drugs are aimed at controlling blood sugar. Examples of possible treatments for T2DM include Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, others), Sulfonylureas, Meglitinides, Thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and insulin therapy. Generally, metformin is the first drug prescribed for T2DM, and it acts by lowering glucose production in the livers as well as improving the body’s sensitivity to inulin such that the body uses insulin more effectively. At diagnosis, the patient with T2DM is initiated on lifestyle change plus metformin, and the dosage is increased as needed until the patient’s blood sugar is controlled. Metformin is administered orally. Proper preparation and administration of the drug entail an initial dose of 500mg by mouth once daily taken with evening meals. The doctor may increase your dose if needed until your blood sugar is controlled (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2019). NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Dietary consideration in the treatment of T2DM using metformin includes substantive dietary intervention and lifestyle changes. The intervention is continued and a second drug, either a sulfonylurea, a thiazolidinedione, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, a glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, or basal insulin may be added (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2019). NURS 6521N Week 5: Endocrine System Disorders

Short Term and Long-term Impact of Type 2Diabetes on Patients

T2DM has both the short-term and long-term on patients, and this includes the effects of drug treatments. Short term complications arising from type 2 diabetes include hypoglycemia and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS), which is termed as very high blood glucose. On the other hand, long term complications arising from diabetes include diabetic retinopathy, kidney disease (nephropathy), diabetic neuropathy, and macrovascular problems (Senthil et al., 2016). NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

References

American Diabetes Association. (2019). Statistics about diabetes. Retrieved from http://diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2018). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice providers. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Senthil, K., Saravanasankar, P., Bagavathshalini, M., Hemmanthraj, M., Sruthi, R. S.,

Cinushamasilthilakraj, F. X. R., & Shaminabegum, A. H. (2016). An analytical study to evaluate severity of diabetic retinopathy and incidence of neuropathy, nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 5(93), 6875-6879.

By Day 6 of Week 5

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses and respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days who selected a different type of diabetes than you did. Provide recommendations for alternative drug treatments and patient education strategies for treatment and management. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link, and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!

Submission and Grading Information

Grading Criteria- NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

To access your rubric:

Week 5 Discussion Rubric

Post by Day 3 of Week 5 and Respond by Day 6 of Week 5

To Participate in this Discussion:

Week 5 Discussion

Rubric Detail – NURS 6521N Week 5: Endocrine System Disorders

Select Grid View or List View to change the rubric’s layout.

Name: NURS_6521_Week5_Discussion_Rubric
Grid View
List View
Excellent Good Fair Poor
Main Posting
45 (45%) – 50 (50%)
Answers all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources.

Supported by at least three current, credible sources.

Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.
40 (40%) – 44 (44%)
Responds to the discussion question(s) and is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.

At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth.

Supported by at least three credible sources. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.
35 (35%) – 39 (39%)
Responds to some of the discussion question(s). NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.

Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.

Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.

Post is cited with two credible sources.

Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors.

Contains some APA formatting errors.
0 (0%) – 34 (34%)
Does not respond to the discussion question(s) adequately. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria.

Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.

Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.

Contains only one or no credible sources. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Not written clearly or concisely.

Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors.

Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style.
Main Post: Timeliness NURS 6521N Week 5: Endocrine System Disorders
10 (10%) – 10 (10%)
Posts main post by day 3
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
Does not post by day 3
First Response
17 (17%) – 18 (18%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.

Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.

Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. .

Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.
15 (15%) – 16 (16%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.

Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.

Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. . NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.
13 (13%) – 14 (14%)
Response is on topic and may have some depth.

Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.

Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.

Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited.
0 (0%) – 12 (12%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.

Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.

Responses to faculty questions are missing. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

No credible sources are cited.
Second Response
16 (16%) – 17 (17%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.

Responds fully to questions posed by faculty. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.

Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues. .

Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.
14 (14%) – 15 (15%)
Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.

Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders
12 (12%) – 13 (13%)
Response is on topic and may have some depth.

Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.

Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed. .

Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders
0 (0%) – 11 (11%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.

Responses to faculty questions are missing. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders

No credible sources are cited. NURS 6521N Week 5 Endocrine System Disorders
Participation
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Meets requirements for participation by posting on three different days.
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
Does not meet requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days
Total Points: 100
Name: NURS_6521_Week5_Discussion_Rubric. NURS 6521N Week 5: Endocrine System Disorders