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Running head: POLICIES ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND IMMIGRATION State Policies on Same Sex Marriage and Immigration Name Instructor Date 1 POLICIES ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND IMMIGRATION 2 In social sciences, the study of policy and its analysis has been developing and creating attention amongst political scientists with time, with a consideration on the past several decades. The way the general public and policymakers perceive power in policy making is influenced by the origins of law, which is as old as the first government dated in the 17thc. “The origins of policy focus are usually attributed to the writings of Harold Laswell, considered to be the founder of the policy sciences…He called for the study of the role of knowledge in and of the policy process.”(Miller, Sidney & Fischer 2007). According to Stachowiak (n.d), policy evolution is embraced by incorporating directly with power and in power to make, enforce and also influence decision making. Stachowiak termed this theory as Power Politics or Power Elites Theory. In further illustrations of the theory, Stachowiak explains that this theory focuses on incremental policy amendments such as administrative rule evolutions (Lockett, 2013).Revise Social Issue Essay
Political power can originate from a number of sources, especially from a community setup. A community entails social class, group charisma, resource currency and the influence of tradition socially, all of which ascribe to political power. This is explained further by Sadan who stated that there exists a total political community which is ordered according to an identified principle, possessing a continuity of time and place from which the power stems. In ‘Large Leaps’ theory of power, assumptions are that government institutions maintain the status quo and have a monopoly over the way policies are defined. ‘The Large Heaps’ theory recognized that political conditions are right, amendments can happen in widely that represents significant departures from the past. These conditions create an environment in which large-scale change can occur. Work relocation arrangements in goal nations have turned out to be progressively specific, supporting the affirmation of worldwide transients with abilities viewed as hard to come POLICIES ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND IMMIGRATION 3 by. Lately, a developing number of nations have embraced strategies to pull in or encourage the section of exceptionally gifted laborers. Exceedingly gifted vagrants are typically conceded special treatment and are liable to fewer limitations than low talented transients with respect to confirmation, length of stay, change of business and affirmation of relatives (Davidson, 2015).
Revise Social Issue Essay Current approach measures to oversee work movement of exceedingly talented laborers go from boss driven relocation frameworks to outsider driven relocation frameworks. The particular strategy decisions embraced are typically molded by the fundamental relocation approach system and goals of the nations POLICIES ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND IMMIGRATION 4 In the history of the United States, communities have become victims of social policies. Trends and patterns are seen arising from different community demographics within the U.S. Contextually, societies that have been seen to lack significant development tend to experience social policies’ discrimination. A report presented by Lockett (2013) stated that with an always occurring presence of systematic criticism and discrimination, the justice system and the dominant culture continues to pathologize minority groups and push for increased penalties which further stigmatize the minority. Minorities were according to race e.g. African Americans, Indians, and even Mexican Americans. In the contemporary world, racism discrimination amongst other social issues such as gender, religion, same-sex marriage, and immigration have become top notch that they dwell across many of the States in America, varying according to the political power and set-up of these States. Social injustices in same-sex marriage and immigration do not only entail negative attitudes and beliefs but also the social strengths that allow translation into victim’s desperate outcomes with questionable merit to a selected race. In Texas State, constitutional law has been battling with the issue of same-sex marriage since 1997. The restriction to have a marriage involving same-sex couples at this year was done under Texas legislature by George W. Bush who was at that time the Governor of Texas (Young 2017). Young further explains that this Bill in 2003 was strengthened with a law that Texas State will not respect any other marriage license apart from opposite-sex marriage. Family and marriage amendments went on until the year 2015 on 26th June. According to Young (2017), the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the right to marry on same-sex couples after following a two year of marriage litigation in the State. POLICIES ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND IMMIGRATION 5 Though same-sex marriage bill was passed into law by the Texas legislature, some rights related to it are still not recognized. As Young explains, same-sex married couples have been demanding to have equal rights as those in an opposite-sex marriage. This illustrates that most, if not all of the benefits that opposite-sex marriages are having cannot be enjoyed by same-sex married couples. But all these come as a result of the flow of power in policy making from state authorities to national authorities in the U.S. To understand this, it is evident that some of the policies made at State level even through State’s Supreme Court can be overruled by the United States’ Supreme Court. “ The U.S Supreme Court declined to review a decision made earlier this year by the Texas Supreme Court, opening the door for the state of Texas and its municipalities to potentially limit benefits and privileges extended to couples in same-sex marriages in the state.” (Young 2017) In relation to immigration, there still exists discrimination in Texas State. Immigrants in the state are still protesting against social policies that are posing challenges on them. In a report by Texas Civil Rights Project (2019), immigrants are challenging a law on SB4, United States law on immigration that does not protect rights on racial profiling, and reduces local law enforcement. The project further argues that SB4 is an attempt to turn Texas cities, counties and University police departments into immigration officers. From this situation, it is evident that law and policy-making within the state are devoid of final execution by the United States Supreme Court judgment, which is the exact version of Elite Power Theory. POLICIES ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND IMMIGRATION 6 In Massachusetts, same-sex marriage in contemporary State environment has been welcomed with open arms with the state community recognizing the marriage to be as equal to any other marriage. Massachusetts’ constitution through their Supreme Court ruling has helped litigants and families who weren’t able to marry in the past despite their race or religious background. According to Wegman (2015), Massachusetts State was the first to issue an opinion legalizing same-sex marriage in the U.S through their justice, Margaret Marshall. Efforts tried to undo same-sex legalization have been withdrawn leaving all marriages equal. Massachusetts’ immigration laws are centrally controlled by The United States Supreme Court. Massachusetts’s immigration law has enabled immigrants to live in harmony and belong to its state. A report by Massachusetts Immigrant Refugee Advocacy Coalition, MIRA (2019) stated that though Then Trump administration wants to stop Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for everyone, federal judge’s intervention bought some time for TPS holders. This is another example of Central administration power over minor administrations commonly known as Power influence flow. The Power Elite Theory explains the kind of political and economic power that is existing in both Massachusetts and Texas State. According to Power Elite Theory, power elites are individuals who are in dominant positions in dominant setups such as in the military, political seats or economic institutions. Their decisions have huge consequences on underlying populations. Texas and Massachusetts have their legislative authorities to amend policies at State level, but the final approval comes from the United States’ Supreme ruling on their proposed constitutional amendments. In other words, the States are subjected to the central ruling power described as “The Elite” in Elite Power Theory. POLICIES ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND IMMIGRATION 7 Massachusetts State has got a smaller population compared to Texas State. From the statistics obtained from U.S Census Bureau (2018), a vast of Massachusetts’s population consists of the white race with the addition of the other four races. That can illustrate that the state immigration policies welcomes immigrants from any race. Geography plays a big role in the political, social and cultural make-up of a region. In Massachusetts, geographical boundary builds its allegiance determining policies. Having in mind that the Atlantic Ocean is to the East of Massachusetts, international relations policies together with immigration policies are set-up in a way that political and economic power is protected. Texas has a larger population close to 33 times as compared to Massachusetts as according to U.S Census Bureau (2018). Because of its large population, its legislature formulates to control immigration. Its social geography policies have changed mentality on immigration creating a hot political environment in immigration as seen earlier. Massachusetts’ education level is high compared to that in Texas. And the results of this can be seen in the New York Times (2015)
wherein each state, education is being used as a tool to influence the policymaking process. Politics have become an educational need in the U.S in order to create a political environment for a targeted political elite, hence dominating policies to stand embraced. According to Storey J (2010), Texas is dominated by the Christian religion. This has managed to create societal order in Texas State. The domination influences were seen on other policymaking such as those of same-sex marriage. In Massachusetts, there exists a mix of religious beliefs. And this is because of the social geographical boundaries. This has created the embracing of diverse social values such as same-sex marriage and immigration rights. POLICIES ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND IMMIGRATION 8 Same-sex marriage and immigration patterns have increased in the U.S according to a study by P.E.W (2014).Revise Social Issue Essay
The organization further illustrates that an examination of county-level demographic data revealed how immigrants affected population increase in the United State. Massachusetts though has a small population, in relation to its small geographical size, its welcoming policies towards immigration has increased the rate of immigrants settling thereby increasing its population. Texas, on the other hand, have unstable immigration patterns through its population increase has been due to immigrants flocking its state. Policies that have been laid, focuses on a particular group of immigrants from outlined demographic perspectives. Legislative rules on immigration have reduced the rate of immigrants coming into Texas compared to earlier trends where the rate was high. (P.E.W 2014).Revise Social Issue Essay
With the change in Elite power dominators, immigration and same-sex might be fought with strict policies, reducing their development. And this is from a nationwide political power perspective, flowing into Texas State and Massachusetts State. In Texas, a law that was introduced to the legislative power regarding couples in the same-sex marriage to have equal rights as those in opposite-sex marriage was finally altered when the case reached to the federal law. The federal law refused to recognize the State bill affecting the societal view of what bill of rights in marriage and family constitution entails. (Young 2017). The factors that were considered according to young was that when the law was implemented through the U.S Supreme Court, it could create a conflict of interest on the benefits that arise from opposite-sex marriages. Rule of law applies to all but not in favor of all. From the study on the two states, political elites give a version of what must be there in a society set-up with the aim of protecting the political and economic well-being of the regions at hand. Underlying political powers are subjected to a supreme power that has the final policy judgement. POLICIES ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND IMMIGRATION References Miller G., Sidney M., Fischer F. 2007). Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. 9 POLICIES ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND IMMIGRATION 10 PEW (2010). Revise Social Issue EssayC
hanging Patterns in U.S Immigration and Population. Available at: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2014/12/changingpatterns-in-us-immigration-and-population Stachowiak S. (n.d). Organizational Research Services. 6 Theories About how Policy Changes Happen. Available at: https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/316071/Resources/Article/Pathways%20for%20change%2 06%20theories%20about%20how%20policy%20change%20happens.pdf?t=1501250927 480 Storey J. (2010). Texas State Historical Association. Religion. Available at: https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/izrdf Texas Civil Rights Project (2019). We’re Heading to Court Today to Stop Discrimination and Hate in Texas. Texascivilrightsproject.org United States Census Bureau. (2018). Census.gov Wegman J. (2015). The New York Times. Why Massachusetts Led The Way in Same-Sex Marriage. Nytimes.com Young S. (December 4th, 2017). Supreme Court Turns Down Texas Case that could Undercut Same-Sex Marriage Law. Available at: dallasobserver.com. 5/20/2019 Capella University Scoring Guide Tool SOC-FP2000 u04a1 – Framing an Issue From the Sociological Perspective Learner: Bryan , Nickerson OVERALL COMMENTS Hi Bryan, Significant revisions were needed on this assessment. I only see the incorporation of an additional paragraph.Revise Social Issue Essay
Unfortunately, this paragraph doesn’t address the criterion and given the number of grammatical errors, is difficult to read. Please see your previous submission for my feedback. Chris RUBRICS CRITERIA 1 Discuss how sociological theory can be used to understand disparities in political power. COMPETENCY Describe theoretical ideas of power in relation to policy. NON_PERFORMANCE: Does not list ways that sociological theory can be used to understand disparities in political power. BASIC: Lists way that sociological theory can be used to understand disparities in political power. PROFICIENT: Discusses how sociological theory can be used to understand disparities in political power. DISTINGUISHED: Analyzes how sociological theory can be used to understand disparities in political power and cites scholarly sources for support. Comments: https://scoringguide.capella.edu/grading-web/gradingdetails 1/6 5/20/2019 Capella University Scoring Guide Tool CRITERIA 2 Describe the evolution of the social movements that have emerged as a result of a diversity issue. COMPETENCY Identify historical and contemporary influences of discrimination in U.S. culture. NON_PERFORMANCE: Does not describe the evolution of the social movements that have emerged as a result of a diversity issue. BASIC: Describes the evolution of the social movements that have emerged as a result of a diversity issue but is vague on the rationale for their interconnectedness. PROFICIENT: Describes the evolution of the social movements that have emerged as a result of a diversity issue. DISTINGUISHED: Analyzes the evolution of the social movements that have emerged as a result of a diversity issue and cites support from scholarly resources. Comments: https://scoringguide.capella.edu/grading-web/gradingdetails 2/6 5/20/2019 Capella University Scoring Guide Tool CRITERIA 3 Address questions that reflect public perception using supporting data or research. COMPETENCY Analyze the effects of social policy using aggregated data. NON_PERFORMANCE: Does not address questions that reflect public perception using supporting data or research. BASIC: Addresses questions that reflect public perception using data or research that is inadequate or inappropriate. PROFICIENT: Addresses questions that reflect public perception using supporting data or research. DISTINGUISHED: Addresses questions that reflect public perception using supporting data or research and real-world examples in a persuasive way that illuminates facts surrounding the issues. Comments: https://scoringguide.capella.edu/grading-web/gradingdetails 3/6 5/20/2019 Capella University Scoring Guide Tool CRITERIA 4 Analyze the evolution of antidiscrimination law to give context to current law or policy. COMPETENCY Analyze how laws are applied or created based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age, and social class. NON_PERFORMANCE: Does not discuss the evolution of antidiscrimination law to give context to current law or policy. BASIC: Discusses the evolution of antidiscrimination law to give context to current law or policy. PROFICIENT: Analyzes the evolution of antidiscrimination law to give context to current law or policy. DISTINGUISHED: Analyzes the evolution of antidiscrimination law to give context to current law or policy and cites scholarly resources for support.Revise Social Issue Essay
Comments: https://scoringguide.capella.edu/grading-web/gradingdetails 4/6 5/20/2019 Capella University Scoring Guide Tool CRITERIA 5 Discuss tactics employed by activists to promote a cause. COMPETENCY Apply diversity strategies in professional, educational, and personal contexts. NON_PERFORMANCE: Does not list tactics employed by activists to promote a cause. BASIC: Lists tactics employed by activists to promote a cause. PROFICIENT: Discusses tactics employed by activists to promote a cause. DISTINGUISHED: Analyzes the effectiveness of tactics employed by activists to promote a cause. Comments: https://scoringguide.capella.edu/grading-web/gradingdetails 5/6 5/20/2019 Capella University Scoring Guide Tool CRITERIA 6 Write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate format and with few errors of grammar, usage, and mechanics. COMPETENCY Communicate effectively. NON_PERFORMANCE: Does not write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate format. Does not use correct grammar, usage, and mechanics. BASIC: Writes to support an idea. Format is inconsistent and contains major errors of grammar, usage, and mechanics. PROFICIENT: Writes coherently to support a central idea in appropriate format and with few errors of grammar, usage, and mechanics. DISTINGUISHED: Writes coherently, using evidence to support a central idea in a consistently appropriate format with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics. Comments: https://scoringguide.capella.edu/grading-web/gradingdetails 6/6 …