The Relationship of Chest Compression Fraction Essay.

You should include the following sections:

Introduction

Research question

Hypothesis

Literature review

Methodology

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Structuring the PhD Research Proposal Prof. David Alexander david.alexander@ucl.ac.uk Application to become a research student at UCL-IRDR (or anywhere else) usually requires the presentation of a research proposal. This is the game-plan for what the student wants to do for three years full-time or five years part-time. It should be a document of perhaps five or six pages that includes the following parts. Introduction A brief (e.g. two-paragraph) introduction to the specific topic you wish to study. Do not make it an introduction to disasters or people’s behaviour in extreme circumstances, as those matters are too general. If you wanted to do research on evacuation in disasters, you would need c. 20 lines of introduction on precisely that, and not on other aspects of the disasters problem. Be specific: this proposal is about what you want to do, not what you already know. Research question What exactly do you want to spend three years doing? Let us take the topic–for example, evacuation in disasters–and see what facets it has: • the logistics of moving people (technical and operational) • the relationship between warning and evacuation (technical, scientific, organisational) • message dissemination (from technical to psychological) • social reactions such as verification of warning messages, social reactions to evacuation orders • emergency planning (technical to social) • management of evacuation processes • mapping and spatial dynamics of evacuation. The research question may be related to one or more of these facets, but probably not very many of them. You would need to do a small amount of research on the basic literature, but concentrate selectively on those works that relate most closely to the chosen aspect or aspects of the topic that you wish to study. It is important to start small and build up the research, rather than start with a grandiose project and try to reduce its scope, which is a much harder task. If the project is not large enough–i.e., if it seems too humble–one can always add another study site, or increase the size of the questionnaire, or something like that. Experienced proposal readers can easily spot a proposal that is too grandiose and therefore not viable. A typical research question will seek to establish or verify a relationship between one phenomenon and another, almost certainly a causal relationship. It will enquire into the causes. Hypothesis. The section of the proposal that poses the research question should include, or end with, the statement of a hypothesis. The Relationship of Chest Compression Fraction Essay.

Exceptionally, more than one hypothesis can be stated (i.e. multiple working hypotheses, which must be strongly related to each other). Generally, only one hypothesis is needed to start off the research. For example, the hypothesis could be “individual reaction to a tsunami warning is differentiated by a person’s gender.” A hypothesis is a proposition to be tested. In the thesis, if not in the proposal, you would have to go on to explain how you think the postulated relationship might be. In the proposal, as in the research, it pays to be as concrete and as specific as possible. If you end up doing something [slightly] different, then that will simply be an indication of how the project is evolving as it is carried out. Research questions are not quite the same as hypotheses. They are not propositions or postulates, but things you might ask of your data set. It is important to think of both the research questions and hypothesis in terms of data you may collect (qualitative, quantitative, semi-quantitative, a mixture, whatever). If you are unsure about what to ask, try thinking backwards from an envisaged data collection campaign to the research questions and hypothesis derived from the data. The research question section might be something like three paragraphs long, with another paragraph dedicated to presenting the hypothesis. Literature review This section can come either before the research question/hypothesis section or after it. The choice depends on whether you think you need to discuss the literature in order to explain why or how you chose your research question, or whether you think the literature should be used to explain what we already know about your research question. In either case, there is a golden rule: keep the literature review short and only discuss a limited number of key works that are those of greatest direct relevance to your research question. The literature review should not define the term disaster or, indeed, do anything so general. Its purpose is briefly to explain where you are coming from–i.e., what your starting point is. The Relationship of Chest Compression Fraction Essay.

You are saying, “this is the existing state of knowledge, to which I will contribute.” That can and should be done in no more than one page, possibly less. In both the proposal and the dissertation, the literature review should answer the questions “what do we already know about my research problem and therefore what is my starting point in doing this research?” At the end of the proposal you should include any references that you have cited, professionally listed (in Harvard citation style, or whichever). There should not be more than about a dozen of them. You have no need whatsoever in a proposal to demonstrate how much you have read. You can demonstrate your familiarity with the relevant literature by your selectiveness in what you refer to; i.e. by ensuring that you mention only the most relevant citations. Methodology This is a very important section indeed. You should use it to explain, as clearly and comprehensively as possible, what you are going to do in your three years of study for the PhD. The Relationship of Chest Compression Fraction Essay.

What methods are you going to use to collect and analyse your data? The successful applicant is one who has a good idea about this, which demonstrates realism, clear thinking and operability. You can divide your work plan into phases and include a Gantt chart of months 1-36, which shows how you will manage the phases. You don’t have to follow the proposal exactly in the PhD, but you do need the proposal to show a clear, confident sense of direction. In a proposal you are not expected to know everything about your work over the next three years, but instead to have some clear ideas about how you might proceed. The proposal, which should be 3-6 pages long, should round off with a Gantt chart of the timed phases of the project. Your key words: Select those with topical, geographical and methodological relevance. Lastly, make sure the proposal is written in correct English and is professionally formatted. Keep it simple and remember it is a means of commun