Week 5 Genetically Modified Foods Discussion.
Week 5 Genetically Modified Foods Discussion.
Week 5 Discussion Topic Review the “WHO” website https://www.who.int/ (Links to an external site.) Research Genetically Modified Foods. Explain what GMO’s (Genetically Modified) are. Why has there been concern about GM foods among some politicians, public interest groups and consumers?What has WHO been doing to improve the evaluation of GM foods? Here are the discussion board requirements. • The initial discussion post must be at least 250 words of content, referencing the reading of the week, and include a scholarly source. https://www.who.int https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEIPefMsf70 Student Responses: Angelica Hello Everyone, Part One: Explain what GMO’s (Genetically Modified) are: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be defined as organisms (i.e. plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination.
For example, corn is the most commonly grown crop in the United States, and most of it is GMO. Part Two: Why has there been concern about GM foods among some politicians, public interest groups and consumers? There have been some concerns surrounding GM foods because people who are not familiar with the process believe GM foods can potentially pose health risks and negatively impact the environment. People who know more about science topics, generally, are more likely to trust information from scientists and see scientific research findings about GM foods in a more favorable light opposed to those whom believe there are more sinister acts behind these creations because they don’t have a proper understanding regarding this. Part Three: What has WHO been doing to improve the evaluation of GM foods?
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WHO has been taking an active role in relation to GM foods, primarily for two reasons: • on the grounds that public health could benefit from the potential of biotechnology, for example, from an increase in the nutrient content of foods, decreased allergenicity and more efficient and/or sustainable food production; and • based on the need to examine the potential negative effects on human health of the consumption of food produced through genetic modification in order to protect public health. Modern technologies should be thoroughly evaluated if they are to constitute a true improvement in the way food is produced. What I found interesting reading through these articles is how many different kinds of fruits, vegetables, and foods we consume that are genetically modified. In fact, GMOs are present in 60 to 70 percent of foods on US supermarket shelves with the vast majority of processed foods containing GMOs. Some examples being as basic as apples and potatoes. I had no idea they were considered GM foods so this was a very intriguing read. Student 2. Amanda Explain what GMO’s (Genetically Modified) are. According to the website https://www.who.int/ (Links to an external site.) GMO’s is short for Genetically Modified Foods. It defines itself as food safety issues such as microbiological food contamination, BSE and genetically modified organisms. A GMO is a genetically-modified plant or seed. It’s modifications allow these plants to resist diseases, repel insects and weeds. Why has there been concern about GM foods among some politicians, public interest groups and consumers?
There has been concerns among BSE disease, numerous outbreaks of food-borne illnesses due to microbiological contamination of foods, and the appearance in human food of a genetically modified maize approved only for animal feeding. What has WHO been doing to improve the evaluation of GM foods? WHO has been building its contributions to food safety with particular emphasis on risk assessment. It will resume to support health action within Codex in ways that best serve member states and their people, especially in developing countries. WHO will continue to improve by fully commit to promoting health and equity through increasing the safety of food and analyzing the possibility of establishing a trust fund to support improved participation of all developing countries. https://dirt-to-dinner.com/5-benefits-of-gmos (Links to an external site.) https://www.who.int/news/item/02-07-2001-fao-who-call-for-more-internationalcollaboration-to-solve-food-safety-and-quality-problems Chapter 5 Public Health’s Role in Health Care Did You Know? • Established in 1905, the civic organization Rotary International has played a huge role in eradicating polio through international vaccine programs. • Public health marketing is an innovative approach to public health practice because it draws from the business discipline of marketing and adds science-based health strategies of promotion and prevention. Did You Know? • In 1916, the Johns Hopkins University, located in Baltimore, Maryland, established the first school of public health. • In 1992, a national exercise program for Medicare patients, Silver Sneakers, was created to provide free access to organized exercise at national fitness chains. • A newer form of surveillance is called biosurveillance, which monitors patterns of unusual disease that may be the result of human intervention. Introduction • There are two important definitions of public health. • Public health was defined by Charles Winslow (1920) as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, control of community infections, and education of individuals regarding hygiene to ensure a standard of living for health maintenance. Introduction • The IOM (National Academy of Medicine (2016), in its 1988 Future of Public Health report, defined public health as an organized community effort to address public health by applying scientific and technical knowledge to promote health.
• Both definitions point to broad community efforts to promote health activities to protect the population’s health status in contrast to traditional medicine, which focuses on the individual. • The ACA emphasizes the importance of prevention and wellness. What is Health? • The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (1942). • IOM (1997) defines health as a state of wellbeing and the capability to function in the face of changing circumstances. It is a positive concept of social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities. What is Health? • According to the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM), health is a state of physical and mental well-being that facilitates the achievement of individual and societal goals (1992). • Activity: What is health to you? Determinants of Health • Health has several determinants or influences that impact the status of an individual’s health. • The individual lifestyle factors such as exercise, sexual activity, and diet and constitutional factors within a person are direct determinants of a person’s health. • Within the immediate environment of an individual, there are social and community networks—external influences on health. Determinants of Health • There are also the general macroenvironmental conditions of socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions that impact health: – Education – Work environment – Living and working conditions – Healthcare services – Food production – Water and sanitation – Housing Dalhgren, G., & Whitehead, M (1991). Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in Health. Stockholm, Sweden: Institute for Future Studies. Reprinted by permission. Determinants of Health Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention • Primary prevention activities focus on reducing disease development. Examples are smoking cessation programs, immunization programs, and employee safety education.
• Secondary prevention activities refer to early detection and treatment of diseases. Examples are blood pressure screenings, colonoscopies, and mammograms. • Tertiary prevention activities focus on activities to rehabilitate and monitor individuals during disease progression. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention Public Health Origins • Edwin Chadwick, Dr. John Snow, and Lemuel Shattuck demonstrated a relationship between environmental conditions and public health. • Snow: contaminated water and disease • Chadwick: Unsanitary working conditions and disease
• Shattuck: Public health infrastructure. • • • • • • • • CDC – What is Public Health? Components of Public Health System Public health agencies at state and local levels Healthcare providers Public safety agencies Human service and charity organizations Education & youth development organizations Recreation and arts-related organizations Economic and philanthropic organizations Environmental agencies and organizations CDC – What is Public Health? Components of Public Health System Public Health Participants 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Table 5-2 Core Functions of Local Health Departments Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues. Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts. Table 5-2 Core Functions of Local Health Departments 6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety. 7. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable. 8. Assure competent public and personal healthcare workforce. 9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services. 10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. • • • • • • • • State Health Department Activities: Licensure of Healthcare Professionals Inspection and licensure of healthcare facilities Collection of vital statistics Epidemiologic studies Crisis management of disease outbreaks Disease registry Laboratory services Implementation and analysis of health policy Community health education Epidemiology Triangle • Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and patterns among populations. Week 5 Genetically Modified Foods Discussion.
• Epidemiologists identify three major risk factor categories for disease. • These three factors are called the epidemiology triangle (see Figure 5-3), which consists of the host, which is the population that has the disease; the agent or organism, which is causing the disease; and the environment, or where the disease is occurring. Reproduced from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Understanding the Epidemiologic Triangle through Infectious Disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/bam/epi-triangle.html Epidemiology Triangle Epidemiologic Surveillance • An important component of epidemiology is surveillance, which is the monitoring of patterns of disease and investigating disease outbreaks to develop public health intervention strategies to combat disease. • A new form is called biosurveillance, which focuses on early detection of unusual disease patterns that may be due to human intervention. Core Public Health Functions of Environmental Health • Assessment, which includes surveillance, identifying problems, data collection, and analysis • Policy development, which includes developing policies to address public problems • Assurance, which includes evaluating policies that meet program goals Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Core Functions of Public Health and How They Relate to the 10 Essential Services. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/ephli/core_ess.htm Core Public Health Functions of Environmental Health Public Health Emergency Preparedness • A term used for planning protocols that are in place to manage a large scale event such as: – a natural disaster like a hurricane – massive flooding, – chemical or oil spills, or – a manmade disaster such as the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013 or – the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. Emergency Preparedness • The National Response Framework (NRF), created by DHS, presents the guiding principles that enable all response partners to prepare for and provide a unified national response to disasters and emergencies. • The NRF defines the principles, roles, and structures that organize how we respond as a nation. • It also describes how communities, states, the federal government, the private sector, and nongovernment partners collaborate to coordinate national response. Emergency Preparedness • Further, it describes “best practices” for managing incidents and builds on the National Incident Management System (NIMS), which provides a framework for managing incidents. Week 5 Genetically Modified Foods Discussion.
• Incident Command System (ICS) is used by police, fire, and emergency management agencies. ICS eliminates many communication problems, spans of control, organizational structures, and differences in terminology when multiple agencies respond to an emergency event. Bioterrorism • According to the CDC, bioterrorism is an attack on a population by deliberately releasing viruses, bacteria, or other germs or agents that will contribute to illness or death in people spread by air, water, or food. • More than 20 federal departments and agencies have roles in preparing for a bioterrorist attack. • In 2002, the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act provided grants to hospitals and public health organizations to prepare for bioterrorism as a result of September 11, 2001. Public Health Department Accreditation • The Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) was formed as a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving and protecting the health of the public by advancing the quality and performance of tribal, state, local, and territorial public health departments. • The PHAB has developed a set of national accreditation standards for local health departments. • To date, there are 11 local health departments accredited by PHAB. Healthy People Reports (CDC) • The Healthy People series is a federal public health planning tool produced by the CDC that assesses the most significant health threats and sets objectives to challenge these threats.
• HPRs of 2000, 2010, and 2020 are produced that report on decade-long goals for a healthy U.S. • • • • Nongovernmental Activities The Joint Commission requires hospitals to participate in community activities. Traditional medicine now contributes to public health. Physicians may serve on local health boards. Nonprofit civic organizations contribute, such as the American Red Cross, American Lung Association, and American Heart Association. Public Health Education and Promotion
• Health education focuses on changing health behavior through educational interventions such as multimedia education and classes. • Health promotion is a broader intervention term in public health that encompasses not only educational objectives and activities but also organizational, environmental, and economic interventions to support activities conducive to healthy behavior. Public Health Marketing • Draws from the business discipline of marketing theory and adds science-based health strategies of promotion and prevention. • It involves creating, communicating, and delivering health information and interventions using customer-oriented and science-based strategies to protect and promote health in diverse populations. Social Media and Health • Social media are electronic communications dedicated to community-based input, interaction, content-sharing, and collaboration. Week 5 Genetically Modified Foods Discussion.
• Websites and applications dedicated to forums, microblogging, social networking, social bookmarking, and wikis are among the different types of social media. 1. 2. 3. 4. CDC: How to Use Social Media Perform market research to determine key educational messages. Review social media sites by user statistics and demographics. Start a social media campaign by using lowrisk tools such as podcasts and videos. The educational messages must be based in science. CDC: How to Use Social Media 5. Develop a system of easy viral sharing by patients so everyone can benefit from the message. 6. Social media users should listen to each other. If patients are voicing concerns or questions, they need to be answered. 7. Leverage social networks to expand the message.
An average Facebook user has 130 friends with whom he or she can easily share a health message. Conclusion • Public health is an integral component of life and surrounds consumers with educational opportunities to change a health condition or behavior. – Several successful vaccines have targeted childhood diseases – Tobacco use has decreased significantly – Safer workplaces because of OSHA – The fluoridation of water is established – Decrease in mortality from heart attacks • The ACA has focused on public health. Week Five Discussion: Pepsi’s Harrier Jet Watch the following advertisement: Pepsi Harrier Jet Commercial 1 (Links to an external site.) Please discuss the following case study and determine whether there should be a valid contract between Leonard and Pepsi Co. Pepsi Co ran an ad and promotional campaign in 1996 called the “Drink Pepsi Get Stuff” campaign.
The enormously successful campaign allowed customers to claim prizes in exchange for points on PepsiCo beverage containers, and points could be combined with cash payments to obtain prizes. The campaign was so successful that the second round of ads and promotions was not run because the prizes were nearly exhausted. In one television ad, Pepsi Co pictured a Harrier jet as a satirical spoof on the prizes available under the campaign. The jet was offered in the ad for 7 million beverage points. Harrier jets are made only for the Marine Corps and are not sold in the open market. They cost $33.8 million each and can be produced at a rate of only one dozen at a time. John Leonard, a 21-year-old business student, called Pepsi Co and was told he would need to drink 16.8 million cans of Pepsi in order to obtain the required points. He was also told that he had the option of buying Pepsi Co points for 10 cents each. Leonard developed a pool of investors (Pepsi drinkers) and delivered 15 PepsiCo points and a check for $700,008.50 for the remaining 6,999,985 points plus shipping and handling. PepsiCo refused to provide Leonard with a Harrier jet because it said the ad was not an offer but a joke. Leonard filed sue but PepsiCo had already filed a pre-emptive suit asking that Leonard’s suit be dismissed and declared frivolous and that PepsiCo should be reimbursed for its legal expenses. (1) Define the elements of a contract? (2) What are the elements of an offer and an acceptance? (3) Did PepsiCo make an offer? (4) Did Leonard accept? (5) Was there a contract? Week 5 Genetically Modified Foods Discussion.
Why or why not. Discuss. Business Law Student Responses Student 1 Ruthie Hello classmates and professor, 1) Define the elements of a contract? A contract is a legally binding agreement. That cannot be broken by not a joke or telling someone that what did for your company is not real because they did the labor for you. page 210 2) What are the elements of an offer and an acceptance? It is to wear Pepsi gear and look like the actor on television. That would get Pepsi merchandise by drinking a lot of soda. page 210 3) Did PepsiCo make an offer? Pepsi Co did offer it in the commercial, but it was just advertising Pepsi drinking. 4) Did you Leonard accept? Maybe he does not accept the offer and wants Pepsi Co to reimburse his legal expenses and not be a part of Pepsi Co anymore. Or He did accept the offer and feel bad about that they thought it was a joke, page 210 5) Was there contact? Maybe yes it contacted that got broken when the lawsuit was released or maybe wasn’t a contract was made until the customer brought Pepsi product. Why or why not? It was because Pepsi did want their reputation ruined. page 210 Thank you, Ruthie Cite Twomey, D. P., Jennings, M. M., & Greene, S. M. (2021). Anderson’s Business Law & The Legal Environment – Comprehensive Edition (24th Edition). Cengage Learning US. https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9780357363850 (Links to an external site.) Archives – Los Angeles Times (latimes.com) (Links to an external site.) Student 2 Carlene Hello Professor and Classmates, The elements of a contract are an agreement between competent parties based on the genuine assent of the parties that is supported by consideration, made for a lawful objective, and in the form required by law if any. A contract is based on an agreement.
An agreement arises when one person, the offeror, makes an offer, and the person to whom the offer is made, the offeree, accepts. There must be both an offer and an acceptance. If either is lacking, there is no contract. No, Pepsi Co did not make an offer, even though Mr. Leonard accept what he thought was an offer. In one television ad, Pepsi Co pictured a Harrier jet as a satirical spoof on the prizes available under the campaign “Drink Pepsi Get Stuff”. They said if you gain 7, million points you will get a Harriet Jet and that is what Mr. Leonard did. Pepsi Co went as far as telling Mr. Leonard that he had the option of buying Pepsi Co points for 10 cents each which he also did. Week 5 Genetically Modified Foods Discussion.
But in the end, it was not a legally binding contract. No, there was no contract. To have a contract we must have an agreement between competent parties based on the genuine assent of the parties that is supported by consideration. Even though the jet was offered in the ad for 7 million beverage points. Which Mr. Leonard obtained and sent to the Pepsi Co. Along with other people who sent in their points and received T-shirts and glasses. Pepsi Co regards the ad as a joke and Mr. Leonard’s case was thrown out. An advertisement is an offer only when the advertisement specifies a clear, definite, explicit form of acceptance. Personally, I believe that their ad was misleading the public and Mr. Leonard should have gotten some form of settlement. Reference: Twomey, D. P., Jennings, M. M., & Greene, S. M. (2021). Anderson’s Business Law & The Legal Environment – Comprehensive Edition Chapter 11 Contracts. Pages 210 & 211 (24th Edition). Cengage Learning US. https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9780357363850 YouTube. (2007,
Week 5 Genetically Modified Foods Discussion.
Week 5 Genetically Modified Foods Discussion.